Name: a mouse model of ankle-subtalar complex joint instability
Uploaded: 2022-10-28T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the Jiangsu provincial government scholarship program and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

All animal studies were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Soochow University.
1. Surgical procedures
<ol>
	<li>Divide 21, 6-week-old C57BL/6 male mice into three groups: the transverse cervical ligament and anterior talofibular ligament group, the transverse cervical ligament and deltoid ligament group, and the sham surgery group. Ensure that all the m...

<ol>
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M., Garcia, J., Hoffmeyer, P., Fritschy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subtalar+sprain.+A+roentgenographic+study.">The subtalar sprain. A roentgenographic study.</a> Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. (226), 169-173 (1988).</li><li>Mittlmeier, T., Rammelt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+subtalar+joint+instability.">Update on subtalar joint instability.</a> Foot and Ankle Clinics. 23 (3), 397-413 (2018).</li><li>Chang, S. 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In this study, two mouse models of ASCJ instability were successfully constructed by transecting CL + ATFL or CL + DL. The time for the mice to pass through the balance beam increased significantly at 8 weeks and 12 weeks after surgery, which is similar to the results obtained by the Hubbard-Turner team by cutting the lateral ligament of the ankle joint23,24. In the right foot sliding test, we observed that the sliding times of the two groups of mice with severed...

Ankle sprains are one of the most common sports injuries worldwide. It is estimated that 10,000 people are injured daily in the United States1, of which sports-related injuries account for 15%-45%2. The medical costs associated with treating ankle sprains in the United States amount to $4.2 billion annually3,4,5. Chronic foot instability is a common problem following ankle sprains and occurs in approximately 74% of ankle sprains6, including ankle or subtalar instability. However, due to the similar clinical symptoms and signs, it is difficult for medical staff to distinguish whether chronic ankle instability is also accompanied by chronic subtalar joint instability in the clinic, and as a result, chronic subtalar instability can be easily missed. Therefore, the true incidence of chronic ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ) instability (a specific type of chronic foot instability that includes both chronic ankle instability and chronic subtalar instability) may be higher than reported7,8,9. If left untreated, chronic ankle-subtalar complex joint instability can cause repeated ankle sprains, leading to a vicious circle of ankle sprains and chronic ankle-subtalar complex instability. Long-term chronic ankle-subtalar complex instability can lead to degeneration of the ASCJ and post-traumatic osteoarthritis, which can affect the adjacent joints in severe cases10. For these diseases, the current clinical treatment is mainly conservative, in addition to surgical treatment methods such as ligament repair and ligament reconstruction11,12.
ASCJ is the core structure of the foot and maintains the balance of the body during movement13. Extensive research has been conducted on the structure of the ankle joint and the subtalar joint separately14,15,16,17. However, research on the whole ankle-subtalar joint is rare. About one-quarter of the cases of ankle injury are associated with subtalar joint injury18. Due to the complex injury mechanism of ASCJ instability, there is no consensus on diagnosing and treating it in the clinical setting. Considering the current situation of ankle injuries in the clinic, a more scientific method is needed to study the ankle and subtalar joint as a whole, thereby providing a new understanding for studying foot diseases.
Since the anatomical structure of the mouse hindfoot at the musculoskeletal level is comparable to that of the human foot19, in several studies, mouse models for foot/ankle research have already been implemented10,19. Chang et al.19 successfully developed three different mouse models of ankle osteoarthritis. Inspired by the successful establishment of ankle instability in the mouse model, we established a mouse model for ankle-subtalar complex instability, hypothesizing that the transection of the partial ligaments in the mouse hindfoot would result in mechanical instability of the ASCJ, which would lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) of the ASCJ. The ASCJ instability animal model could be used for the treatment of both ankle instability and subtalar instability, which is more in line with the actual clinical situation than the currently used simple ankle instability model7,8,9,19. To test this hypothesis, two mouse models of ligament transection-induced instability of the ASCJ were designed. The results for the sensory-motor function-the balance beam test, footprint analysis, and thermal nociception assessment-were used to evaluate the feasibility of the model, and micro-computed tomography (CT) and histological staining were used to evaluate the damage and degeneration of the mouse articular cartilage. The successful establishment of a mouse model of ASCJ instability not only provides a new understanding for studying foot diseases but also provides a valuable reference for clinical research on the injury-related mechanisms, provides better treatment options for ankle sprains, and is helpful for further studies on the disease.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 Surgical Nylon Suture</td>
			<td>Ningbo Medical Needle Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>191104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acidic ethanol differentiation solution (1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive slides</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Shitai Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia solution (1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous ethanol</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqueous acetic acid (1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black cube cassette</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yizhe Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube 15ml</td>
			<td>Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YA0476</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube 50ml</td>
			<td>Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YA0472</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Shitai Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CTAn software</td>
			<td>Blue scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>micro-CT analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dataview software</td>
			<td>AEMC instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>commercial data analysing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2Na)</td>
			<td>Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E8490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric incubator</td>
			<td>Suzhou Huamei Equipment Factory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding paraffin</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td>39001006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin staining solution (alcohol soluble, 1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R30117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast green staining solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>F7275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gait paper</td>
			<td>Baoding Huarong Paper Factory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 8.0</td>
			<td>Graphpad software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>online statistical analysis tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodophor cotton balls</td>
			<td>Qingdao Hainuo Bioengineering Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica 818 blade</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-CT</td>
			<td>Skyscan, Belgium</td>
			<td>SkyScan 1176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulation microscope</td>
			<td>Suzhou Omet Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mimics software</td>
			<td>Materialise&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D medical image processing software&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modified Harris Hematoxylin Stain</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-mouse type II collagen</td>
			<td>American Abcam Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-butanol</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral formalin fixative (10%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral resin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nrecon reconstrcution software&#160;</td>
			<td>Micro Photonics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oaks hair clipper</td>
			<td>Oaks Group Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin Embedding Machine</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PH meter</td>
			<td>Shanghai Leitz Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>American Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Physiological saline (for mammals, sterile)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R22172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safranin O-staining solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>HT90432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline (0.9%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Baxter Medical Drug Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>309107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Haimen Qilin Bell Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>2008779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS 23</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>online statistical analysis tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tablet machine</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue slicer</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ugo Basile</td>
			<td>Ugo Basile Biological Research Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axiovert, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-shaped plastic channel</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yizhe Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary eye ointment</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YLS-10B Wheel Fatigue Tester</td>
			<td>Jinan Yiyan Technology Development Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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a mouse model of ankle-subtalar complex joint instability

Ankle sprains are perhaps the most common sports injuries in daily life, often resulting in instability of the ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ), and can eventually lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in the long term. However, due to the complexity of the injury mechanism and the clinical manifestations, such as ecchymosis, hematoma, or tenderness in the lateral foot, there is no clinical consensus on diagnosing and treating ASCJ instability. Since the musculoskeletal structure of the bones and ligaments of the mouse hindfoot is comparable to that of humans, an animal model of ASCJ instability in mice was established by the transection of ligaments around the ASCJ. The model was well-validated through a series of behavioral tests and histological analyses, including a balance beam test, a footprint analysis (an assessment of exercise level and balance ability in mice), a thermal nociception assessment (an assessment of foot sensory function in mice), micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning, and section staining of the articular cartilage (an assessment of articular cartilage damage and degeneration in mice). The successful establishment of a mouse model of ASCJ instability will provide a valuable reference for clinical research on the injury mechanism and result in better treatment options for ankle sprain.

The statistical analysis of the correlation data was performed using online statistical analysis tools. The data that met the two tests of normal distribution and homogeneity of variance were used for further statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance. If the data did not meet the two tests, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the statistical analysis. The data are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and p &#60; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

The ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ) is the core of the foot and plays a key role in balance control in daily activities. Sports injuries often lead to instability in this joint. Here, we describe a mouse model of ligament transection-induced instability of the ASCJ.

Ankle sprains are perhaps the most common sports injuries in daily life, often resulting in instability of the ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ), and ...

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