This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants GM 100201 to I.F.S, and GM 048071 and GM 065830 to I.P.

Presentamos los procedimientos detallados para obtener imágenes locales de Ca2 + eventos en neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y células. Estos procedimientos pueden ser adaptados a la imagen intracelular de Ca 2 + señales en muchos tipos de células 8-10. 1. Preparación de las células <ol><li> Cultura de las células para obtener imágenes de acuerdo a las instrucciones que aparecen en la página web de su proveedor. </li><li> Unos pocos días antes de la imagen, las células de cosecha cultivadas en un matraz de cultivo de tejido usando 1 ml de 0,25% de tripsina / EDTA (2-3 min). Después de la separación, añadir un volumen igual de medio de cultivo para inactivar la tripsina. </li><li> Realizar un recuento de células usando un hemocitómetro y semillas células en placas de formación de imágenes de fondo de vidrio a una densidad de 3-7 x 10 4 células por placa. Seleccione las celdas para los experimentos de imagen cuando llegan a 60% de confluencia (2-3 días). </li></ol> 2. Preparación de soluciones y reactivos <ol><li> Preparar una Ca 2 + que contienen HEPES buffersolución de sal (Ca 2+ -HBSS) compuesto de (mM): 135 NaCl, 5,4 KCl, 2 CaCl2, MgCl2 1, HEPES 10, y 10 de la glucosa; pH = 7,4 a temperatura ambiente (RT) con NaOH. Preparar Ca 2+ -HBSS sin la adición de glucosa y se almacena a 4 ° C; añadir glucosa a la solución inmediatamente antes de su uso. </li><li> Solubilizar formas de membrana permeable de la Ca 2+ indicador fluorescente Cal-520 (1 mM), ci-IP 3 (200 mM), y EGTA (100 mM) en sulfóxido de dimetilo (DMSO) que contiene 20% de Pluronic F-127. Alícuota de estos reactivos en tubos y tienda de Eppendorf, protegidos de la humedad y de la luz, a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Carga de células con membrana permeable-Cal-520, ci-IP 3 y EGTA <ol><li> Preparar el &quot;tampón de carga&quot; mediante la dilución de las soluciones madre de la membrana permeable Cal-520 y ci-IP 3 a una concentración final de 5 mM y 1 mM, respectivamente, en Ca 2+ -HBSS. </li><li> Aspirar cumedios lture y enjuagar las células mediante la sustitución de los medios de comunicación con Ca 2+ -HBSS tres veces. </li><li> Eliminar Ca 2+ -HBSS e incubar las células en tampón de carga durante 60 minutos a RT en la oscuridad. </li><li> Retire tampón de carga y enjuague células mediante la sustitución de los medios de comunicación con Ca 2+ -HBSS tres veces. <ol><li> Si lo desea, en este paso, células de carga con EGTA / AM por dilución de la solución madre a una concentración final de 5 mM de Ca 2+ -HBSS y luego se incuban las células durante 30-60 minutos a temperatura ambiente en la oscuridad. Después de esta incubación, lavar las células tres veces con Ca 2+ -HBSS antes de proceder al paso 3.5. </li></ol></li><li> Se incuban las células en Ca 2+ -HBSS durante 30 min para permitir la de-esterificación de los reactivos cargados. </li><li> Inmediatamente antes de la proyección de imagen, reemplace Ca 2+ -HBSS con &quot;fresco&quot; Ca 2+ -HBSS con el fin de eliminar cualquier tinte que podrían haber filtrado al baño durante la incubación final. </li></ol> 4. Ca 2+ </sup&gt; Adquisición de imágenes <ol><li> Coloque una pequeña gota de aceite de inmersión sobre el objetivo 100X APO TIRF (NA 1.49). </li><li> Montar el plato de imagen en el escenario del microscopio invertido y traer las células en el foco con luz transmitida. Es importante asegurar el plato de formación de imágenes para evitar el movimiento durante la grabación. </li><li> Iluminar células con un láser de 488 nm para excitar Cal-520 y recoger la fluorescencia emitida (λ&gt; 510 nm) utilizando una cámara EMCCD de alta velocidad. NOTA: El paquete de software que opera el microscopio permite al usuario para traducir una lente de enfoque permitiendo que el rayo láser para ser introducido ya sea en el borde extremo de la abertura de vuelta objetivo (para la excitación TIRF) o más en el centro (para la excitación &quot;WF&quot;). </li><li> Usando el software EMCCD, reducir el campo de la imagen de los plenos 512 x 512 píxeles con el fin de recoger datos en la resolución temporal necesaria para capturar Ca 2+ eventos locales. NOTA: Por ejemplo, quad centroadquisición de 256 x 256 píxeles acelera la velocidad de adquisición a 66 fps. También es posible aumentar aún más la velocidad de fotogramas de la cámara EMCCD a 500 fps usando una función de modo de recorte aislado. </li><li> Configurar el software para grabar automáticamente unos pocos segundos de actividad basal, entregar un destello UV a las células y continuar la grabación por otro 10-30 seg. NOTA: Un destello UV se suministra usando una fuente de luz de arco de xenón introducido a través de un espejo dicroico que refleja UV en el puerto trasero del microscopio. La duración y la intensidad del flash UV se ajusta empíricamente para evocar una frecuencia deseada de Ca 2+ eventos locales. </li><li> Guardar archivos de imagen como las pilas para el análisis fuera de línea. </li></ol> 5. Análisis Automatizado Ca 2+ Imagen NOTA: Es posible visualizar, procesar y analizar datos obtenidos con muchos paquetes de software comerciales. Sin embargo, hemos desarrollado un algoritmo para automatizar rápidamente una identificaciónanálisis d de Ca 2 + señales locales. Una descripción detallada de los filtros espaciales y temporales utilizados en este algoritmo, la generación de las Delta F / F 0 y la identificación / análisis rutinas se puede encontrar en 11. Este algoritmo ha sido desarrollado para funcionar en la plataforma de software de código abierto Python, y puede obtenerse, junto con muestras de datos experimentales y las instrucciones detalladas de usuario, enviando un correo electrónico del autor correspondiente (ismith@uci.edu). <ol><li> Convertir archivos a ser importados en el algoritmo de encargo por escrito al formato de archivo de la multi-plano .tiff. </li><li> Busque la carpeta que contiene el algoritmo de análisis y haga doble clic en el run.exe. </li><li> Seleccione el archivo .tiff para ser analizada. </li><li> Elija los parámetros de análisis en el cuadro de diálogo abierto. Ver Figura 2A para los parámetros por defecto de los datos de la muestra. </li><li> Determinar el nivel de negro para ser desplazada con respecto a la pila de imagen, ya sea moviendo el cursor a una parte del campo de vista que hace not contiene una celda (ver Figura 2B) o introduciendo manualmente un nivel de negro mediante el símbolo del &quot;Nivel Negro Set &#39;. </li><li> Observar cuatro ventanas en la pantalla siguiente análisis por el software (Figura 2C-F). C es una imagen monocroma de reposo de fluorescencia de las células que se analiza. Casillas blancas superpuestas en esta imagen son los lugares de actividades, determinadas como las posiciones de los centroides de funciones gaussianas bidimensionales instalados en eventos. </li><li> Haga clic en cada lugar del evento o presione las teclas de cursor para desplazarse entre los eventos. Al hacerlo, el fondo-resta, Gauss alisó cambios de relación de fluorescencia (? F / F 0) en cada uno de estos sitios de actualización en la ventana D. NOTA: Rojo destacó eventos están decididos a proceder de ese sitio en particular y no de &quot;sangrar a través &#39;de la actividad localizado en lugares adyacentes. El trazo azul inferior indica que la señal de fluorescencia en el sitio seleccionado superó la detecciónumbral, mientras que la línea negro identifica los eventos procedentes de ese sitio en particular (que corresponde al rojo eventos resaltado). </li><li> Haga clic en un rojo resaltado evento para actualizar la ventana E que muestra la evolución temporal del evento, y la ventana F, que muestra el perfil espacial del evento promedio durante su curso temporal, junto con el perfil espacial de la función de Gauss equipada. </li><li> Revisar manualmente los eventos que se han identificado para que los artefactos pueden ser rechazadas desde el análisis. Eliminar este tipo de eventos haciendo clic derecho en el rojo eventos resaltado. NOTA: En nuestras manos, Ca 2+ flujo a través de los canales individuales IP 3 R evoca señales con Df / F 0 alrededor de 0,11, por lo que es probable que sean falsos positivos ningún &#39;eventos&#39; detectados apreciablemente más pequeños que esto. </li><li> Exportar datos seleccionando &quot;Guardar en Excel&quot; o exportar datos en una base por célula dibujando alrededor de la célula de interés y seleccionar &#39;Guardar CellR17 ;. Nota: Los datos se guardan en la misma carpeta que la pila imagen original. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Describimos aquí los protocolos locales para obtener imágenes de Ca 2+ eventos en células de mamífero en cultivo usando Ca 2+ indicadores fluorescentes. Además, se describe un algoritmo con una interfaz de usuario intuitiva que automatiza la identificación y análisis de los datos adquiridos. El procedimiento descrito aquí utilizan el Ca 2+ fluorescente indicador Cal-520, pero muchas otras Ca 2+ tintes sensibles como Fluo-3, Fluo-4, Fluo-8 y Oregon Green BAPTA-1 realiza...

Los iones de calcio (Ca2 +) de forma ubicua regulan una amplia gama de procesos biológicos, incluyendo la expresión génica, la secreción y cambios de larga duración en la plasticidad sináptica 1. Una manera a través del cual Ca 2+ puede actuar de una manera tan diverso es a través de los diferentes patrones espaciales y temporales de Ca 2 + señales de una célula puede generar. Por ejemplo, elevaciones globales en citosólico [Ca 2 +] contracción de activación en el tejido muscular liso 2, mientras más pequeño, elevaciones transitorias localizadas (locales Ca 2+ microdominios) estimular la expresión esencial para el aprendizaje y la memoria 3 gen. Citosólico libre [Ca 2 +] se mantiene a ~ 100 nM en reposo, pero puede aumentar rápidamente a varios micro-molar después de la afluencia de Ca2 + en el citosol a través de canales de Ca2 + de iones permeables situados en la membrana plasmática y por la liberación de Ca2 + intracelular de stores. Nuestro laboratorio se centra en el inositol 1,4,5-trifosfato receptor (IP 3 R), que forma un canal de liberación de Ca 2+ situado en la membrana del retículo endoplasmático (ER). Tras la unión de ambos IP 3 y Ca 2+ a la citosólica sitios del receptor activador, el canal R IP 3 se abre para liberar Ca 2+ secuestrado dentro de la luz del RE. La liberación de Ca 2+ puede permanecer espacialmente restringida a un pequeño grupo de IP 3 Rs para generar un microdomain citosólica local del Ca 2+ (Ca 2+ puff 4) o, dependiendo de la proximidad de los grupos vecinos de IP 3 Rs, puede propagar en una célula mediante la contratación de varios sitios de hojaldre a través de un proceso de Ca2 + inducida por Ca 2 + de liberación (CICR) 5,6. La introducción de la pequeña molécula fluorescente Ca 2+ colorantes indicadores desarrollado por Roger Tsien 7, junto con la avanzada imagi microscopíang técnicas, ha facilitado en gran medida nuestra comprensión de Ca 2 + señalización. Los recientes avances en cámaras utilizadas para microscopía permiten ahora para obtener imágenes de transitorios de Ca2 + eventos locales, tales como soplos con resolución espacial y temporal sin precedentes. Actualmente cámaras EMCCD disponibles permiten imágenes de 128 x 128 píxeles a&gt; 500 marcos seg -1 (fps) y la nueva generación de semiconductor de óxido metálico complementario (CMOS) cámaras proporcionan una mayor resolución de píxeles, y la velocidad aún más rápida a costa de un poco más alto los niveles de ruido. En conjunción con la reflexión interna (TIRF) microscopía total, ahora es posible de una sola imagen Ca 2+ eventos de canal 8,9. Este enfoque permite la obtención de imágenes de cientos de canales / eventos simultáneamente, mientras que la generación de grandes conjuntos de datos (ca. 1Gb por minuto) que hacen que el tratamiento manual, la identificación visual y análisis impracticable y colocan una responsabilidad en el desarrollo de algoritmos automatizados. 2 + señales en células de mamífero intactas usando Ca 2+ indicadores fluorescentes. Además, demuestran un algoritmo desarrollado en el entorno Python de código abierto que automatiza la identificación y el análisis de Ca 2+ eventos locales fotografiados por tanto TIRF y amplio campo epi-fluorescencia convencional (WF) microscopía. Aunque estos enfoques se describen en el contexto de IP 3 -generated Ca 2 + señales, que son fácilmente susceptibles de estudiar los cambios locales en citosólico [Ca 2 +] que emanan de una variedad de canales de Ca2 + de iones permeables situados en cualquiera de la superficie membrana o orgánulos intracelulares 8-10.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1055">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:813px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalogue No.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2266</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cal-520/AM</td>
			<td>AAT Bioquest Inc.</td>
			<td>21130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">ci-IP3 (D-23-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-(2-nitro-4.5-dimethoxy)benzyl-myo-Inositol 145-trisphosphate-Hexakis(propionoxymethyl)</td>
			<td>SiChem</td>
			<td>cag-iso-2-145-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO/20% pluronic F127</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P-3000MP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGTA/AM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>E-1219</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35 mm glass-bottom imaging dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35-1.5-14-C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging local ca2+ signals in cultured mammalian cells

Citosólica iones Ca2 + a regular diversos aspectos de la actividad celular en casi todos los tipos de células, el control de procesos tan diversos como la transcripción de genes, excitabilidad eléctrica y la proliferación celular. La diversidad y la especificidad de la señalización de Ca2 + se deriva de mecanismos por los que Ca 2 + señales se generan para actuar sobre diferentes escalas de tiempo y espaciales, que van desde las oscilaciones y las ondas de todo el celulares que ocurren durante los períodos de minutos a locales transitorias de Ca2 + microdominios (Ca 2+) bocanadas milisegundos duraderos. Los recientes avances en electrónica se multiplicaron CCD (EMCCD) cámaras permiten ahora para obtener imágenes de Ca 2 + señales locales con una resolución espacial de 128 x 128 píxeles a una velocidad de&gt; 500 marcos seg-1 (fps). Este enfoque es altamente paralelo y permite la monitorización simultánea de cientos de canales o de los sitios de hojaldre en un solo experimento. Sin embargo, las grandes cantidades de datos generados (aproximadamente 1 pe Gbr min) hacer la identificación visual y análisis de Ca 2+ local de eventos impracticable. Aquí describimos y demostrar los procedimientos para la adquisición, la detección y el análisis de IP local 3 mediada por Ca 2 + señales en células de mamífero intactas cargadas de Ca 2+ indicadores utilizando tanto de campo amplio epi-fluorescencia (WF) y la reflexión interna total fluorescencia (TIRF) microscopía. Además, se describe un algoritmo desarrollado en el entorno Python software de código abierto que automatiza la identificación y el análisis de estos Ca 2 + señales locales. El algoritmo localiza sitios de liberación de Ca2 + con resolución sub-pixel; permite la revisión de los datos de usuario; y emite secuencias de tiempo de señales de relación de fluorescencia junto con amplitud y datos cinéticos en una tabla compatible con Excel.

La figura 1A muestra una imagen WF de descansar Cal-520 fluorescencia en células de neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y también cargados de ci-IP 3. La exposición de estas células a un flash 100 ms UV para foto-release i-IP 3 provocó transitorios de Ca2 + puffs en sitios discretos (señaladas por los círculos blancos en la figura 1A). Trazas fluorescencia medida en estos sitios mostraron una fase ascendente rápido debido a las aberturas transitorios de I...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Here we present techniques for imaging local IP3-mediated Ca2+ events using fluorescence microscopy in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators together with an algorithm that automates identification and analysis of these events.

Imagen Ca Local<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; Las señales en las células de mamífero en cultivo

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, ...

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Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

10.7K vistas.  University of California, Irvine. Here we present techniques for imaging local IP3-mediated Ca2+ events using fluorescence microscopy in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators together with an algorithm that automates identification and analysis of these events.

Video: Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Long-term Imaging Mammalian Cells using Wide-Field Microscopy

Actually what I'm gonna do, mount it in here first and then swap out You. So now I'm gonna aspirate try and be as gentle as possible.Okay. A few seconds just holding.Okay.Alright.So the important features of our lifestyle imaging grid are that, so it's an inverted scope, which means the objective, the samples here in the objective is underneath. So the objective is pointing up and the whole scope, or practically the whole, practically the whole scope, including the objectives and the sample are at 37 degrees. So everything in this plastic box is at 37 degrees.And right on top of the stage we have an air and CO2 mix. That is 5%CO2. So the idea is that the sample is actually in a cell, it's like a cell incubator.And so we have, this is our mixer for the air and the CO2 and, and it gets humidified and heated and then piped onto the, the sample on the stage.Okay. And today we're just gonna be doing fluorescence one channel GFP fluorescence. This is the hose that the CO2 and 5%CO2 goes in and it just fits into the stage holder.That's important. And then we can close these, take these down, and then we go to our first position. And what I'm gonna do is go to the first field, which is my control sample, and I'll pick positions based on what I see on the screen.So I just make sure I actually look into the microscope in each new, well, because the focal plane for each of the wells is different, the, the dish is not perfectly flat on the bottom. So you will need to make fine adjustments when you move from well to the well. So right now I'm on the first, well, what I'll do is I'll focus, so I just hit, I just told, I just turned on the light, the transmitted light for the microscope.And I have make sure all the light is going to the eye pieces. And so I just look in, make sure I get a nice clean field. And then what I'll do is turn that light off, turn the fluorescence light on, make sure the cells that I'm looking at look healthy and they're not apoptotic.And, and I turn that off. And what I do next is send, so now I'm gonna start picking positions, which means I have to te send the light path to the camera. This is the camera right here.So I tell the microscope to send all the camera, they don't see anything in the eye pieces. What I'll do is in the software controlling the microscope, I'll choose the right filter set, which for our purposes is psy. And then set an exposure time.And I know these cells very well and I know that they take a 0.2 second exposure time. So I tell, that's what I tell the software to do. And what I'll do is hit focus.This is, and it's basically just alive. The, A light will turn on and you can, oh, I don't know if you can see cells, but the reason this is a good field is because there's, all the cells are, even in terms of their fluorescence, There are no apoptotic cells. Apoptotic cells tend to be very bright and there's no dirt or schmutz in the field.And you can see that they're actually, this is a metaphase cell and that's a metaphase cell, that's a cell that's probably just exited mitosis. And I can just tell that because it looks like those are, those two sets of chromatin are very nicely oriented to each other. Like they just exited an face.So that's a good field. So, and now that I know that the exposure time and the filter set is correct, and this is gonna be software specific, I'll go and I'll take positions and now the software has memorized the X, Y, Z position of that field. And then when I do pick another field, it's, and I'll, so when I'm picking, when I'm picking new fields, but in the same, well, I'll use the, I'll move the i'll, I'll turn the shutter, I'll open the shutter and I'll look to see what I see on the screen and I'll pick fields based on that versus looking in the field.So I don't see any of my tonics in there. But again, even nicely centered, these cells will go through my PS I continue, here's a good example. Here's a good example of what I would avoid that, see how bright that is?That's very bright. That's probably remnants of an apoptotic cell. And the reason I would avoid that is because since it's so bright, when the software auto focuses, it will autofocus just on that and it won't be in the same plane as all these other cells.And so I won't get any information from that field. That looks nice. There's a, this is a pro metaphase right here, That's A metaphase.So, and I'm gonna take three positions per well. So that was three positions and now I'm going to go to my next Well, so you can, so what I will probably do is take images every 10 minutes. So it's a compromise.Lifestyle imaging is always a compromise, right? You have to image, you have to keep the cells healthy, especially if you're interested in mitosis. So you have to minimize their exposure to the fluorescent line.And, but you wanna get information. So you have to take images, you have to, so you have to compromise, you have to make a choice about what you want to capture, what kind of information you wanna capture. For our purposes, mitosis tends to take about an hour.So if we're taking 10 minute intervals, that's pretty good. We see prophase, we see metaphase, we see anaphase, and we can, we can see when there are, there are treatments or drugs or siRNAs that affect those specific cell cycle stages. So for our purposes, that's enough, but we always want more.We always want more positions or finer time and interval or something like that. So it's a compromise. So, and then I'll hit start.And so our software, it does an autofocusing pass on the first pass. So once I hit start, it should start auto autofocusing and you'll see the shutter open, open and close between auto focusing. So I'll hit start.So that's the shutter opening and closing. The Z motor is engaging and it's actually trying to find the plane with the most contrast, which will be the most in focus. You can actually see on the screen going in and out of finding the best plane of focus that might be worrisome.So what it does is it, it drives the Z motor to find the best, the most in focus plane focus, well the most in image. And then it acquires picture there and then it learns that Z position. And then we'll use that Z position for the next 12 passes.And then we'll do the auto focusing pass again. What Kind of experiments do they do? Okay, so our lab is mostly interested in understanding what regulates mitic progression, or at least I'm most interested in understanding that.So with live cell imaging and especially our multi position, long-term imaging scope, you can take, you can film cells for two or three days entering anding mitosis, and you can image multiple rounds of mitosis so you can understand. And then you can put drugs or RNAs or any kind of perturbations on the cells that you would like to study. So you can understand how, how those drugs or, or genes are, are important in regulating mitotic progression.Because it's not fixed cell work and live cell work, you can understand what, when you need to have a perturbation to affect mitosis or what stage of mitosis is affected. So it's really powerful in that respect. What, what are the main technical elements of this experiments?What are the possible problems? Well, the biggest problem besides getting the rig set up, getting the rig set up is not trivial. A lot of people have the rig, but just making sure it works well for your application.The financial element is not, you know, is not small. So there's the setting up of the apparatus and then, and then once you gather the data, there's a real data analysis issue. It takes these movie, if, so, if you're gathering 40 movies each with 30 cells, so you have 40 in 40 fields that you just filmed and each of those fields has 30 cells, then you have to sit down with each one of those movies and look at each one of those cells in that movie.So it takes a really long time to do data analysis. And that's, so it takes a week to analyze data that it took you two days to collect. So there's a, that's a very big obstacle in terms of gathering lots of data.So it's not, while it's high throughput data collection, it's not high throughput analysis. So what would you make to make this experiment really high throughput? So our lab is in the process of developing a program that does the data analysis automatically.And it's a pretty decent program. It's not perfect. The human eye is always better, but it's getting there.So What are the interesting application of this experiment? Maybe other fields you can mention? Besides cell division?You mean for the, oh, for the live cell imaging? Yes.Well, you can do cell motility assays. You can, depending on the, the microscopy that's involved, you can, you know, look at how cells, you could look at tumor development if you really wanted to.But there, you, you're, if as long as you have the right imaging set up, you can, you're pretty much not limited in terms of anything. Our scope happens to be just a wide field and we use 20 by 20 x objective. So it's a pretty low resolution set up, but that's sufficient for what we need to see.So there are, but there definitely aren't, you wouldn't be limited. Anything that has any dynamic kind of experiment, which is biology, it would be, would really benefit from lifestyle imaging. So calcium imaging, although you couldn't do it on our apparatus, that's a live cell.You definitely need live cell imaging for that. Like I said, patient assays, motility assays, those kinds of things would really benefit from live cell imaging. Would you like to tell a few words about your previous experience?How long do you work on these techniques? What do you you work on before? Wow.So in my PhD I didn't work.I did a lot of confocal microscopy, but no lifestyle imaging. And so during my postdoc I was, I helped Dr.King get this apparatus that, that we just used to set up these fragment, get that up and running. And, and so during my postdoc, I had a lot of experience with both widefield with TimeLapse imaging on our scope, which is the widefield and also TimeLapse imaging with confocal microscopy.And I would say that it's really powerful. You get a lot of information, but it's not easy to get working perfectly. So it really requires a lot of attention and a lot of attention to details at every little step of the process.And, and then you still have problems. So it's a tough application, but you can really get, if, if it's what you need to have to, to study your problem, your scientific problem, then it, it's invaluable in that respect, but it's tough. So find someone who knows what they're doing and use them.That's my advice. So good.

A largo plazo de imágenes usando las células de mamíferos Wide-Field Microscopía

Investigación

Biología

Live Imaging of Dense-core Vesicles in Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Observing and characterizing dynamic cellular processes can yield important information about cellular activity that cannot be gained from static images.  Vital fluorescent probes, particularly green fluorescent protein (GFP) have revolutionized cell biology stemming from the ability to label specific intracellular compartments and cellular structures. For example, the live imaging of GFP (and its spectral variants) chimeras have allowed for a dynamic 
analysis of the cytoskeleton, organelle transport, and membrane dynamics in a multitude of organisms and cell types [1-3].  Although live imaging has become prevalent, this approach still poses many technical challenges, particularly in primary cultured neurons.  One challenge is the expression of GFP-tagged proteins in post-mitotic neurons; the other is the ability to capture fluorescent images while minimizing phototoxicity, photobleaching, 
and maintaining general cell health.  Here we provide a protocol that describes a lipid-based transfection method that yields a relatively low transfection rate (~0.5%), however is ideal for the imaging of fully polarized neurons.  A low transfection rate is essential so that single axons and dendrites can be characterized as to their orientation to the cell body to confirm directionality of transport, i.e., anterograde v. retrograde.  Our approach to imaging 
GFP expressing neurons relies on a standard wide-field fluorescent microscope outfitted with a CCD camera, image capture software, and a heated imaging chamber. We have imaged a wide variety of organelles or structures, for example, dense-core vesicles, mitochondria, growth cones, and actin without any special optics or excitation requirements other than a fluorescent light source. Additionally, spectrally-distinct, fluorescently 
labeled proteins, e.g., GFP and dsRed-tagged proteins, can be visualized near simultaneously to characterize co-transport or other coordinated cellular events.  The imaging approach described here is flexible for a variety of imaging applications and can be adopted by a laboratory for relatively little cost provided a microscope is available.

Live cell imaging is of particular utility when studying the dynamics of organelle trafficking. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of dense-core vesicles in cultured neurons using wide-field fluorescence microscopy. This protocol is flexible and can be adapted to image other organelles such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes.

Imágenes en vivo del denso núcleo de vesículas en la Primaria neuronas del hipocampo cultivadas

Observing and characterizing dynamic cellular processes can yield important information about cellular activity that cannot be gained from static images.  ...

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in live cells. Here we describe the method used in our laboratories for loading suspensions of human sperm with Ca2+-reporting dyes and measuring the fluorescence signal during physiological stimulation. Motile cells are isolated by direct swim-up and incubated under capacitating conditions for 0-24 h, depending upon the experiment. The cell-permeant AM (acetoxy methyl ester) ester form of the Ca2+-reporting dye is then added to a cell aliquot and a period of 1 h is allowed for loading of the dye into the cytoplasm. We use visible wavelength dyes to minimize photo-damage to the cells, but this means that ratiometric recording is not possible. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. During the loading period cells are introduced into an imaging chamber and allowed to adhere to a poly-D-lysine coated coverslip. At the end of the loading period excess dye and loose cells are removed by connection of the chamber to the perfusion apparatus. The chamber is perfused continuously, stimuli and modified salines are then added to the perfusion header. Experiments are recorded by time-lapse acquisition of fluorescence images and analyzed in detail offline, by manually drawing regions of interest. Data are normalized to pre-stimulus levels such that, for each cell (or part of a cell), a graph showing the Ca2+ response as % change in fluorescence is obtained.

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Stimulus-evoked [Ca2+]i signals of individual human sperm are assessed. Motile cells are loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye (AM-ester method) and immobilised in a perfusable chamber. Cells are imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and stimulated via the perfusing medium. Responses of single cells (or regions) are analysed offline using Excel.

Técnicas de Imagen Ca 2 + Señalización en el esperma humano

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

MISSION esiRNA for RNAi Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The short double-stranded RNAs originate from longer double stranded precursors by the activity of Dicer, a protein of the RNase III family of endonucleases. The resulting fragments are components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), directing it to the cognate target mRNA. RISC cleaves the target mRNA thereby reducing the expression of the encoded protein1,2,3. RNAi has become a powerful and widely used experimental method for loss of gene function studies in mammalian cells utilizing small interfering RNAs.
Currently two main methods are available for the production of small interfering RNAs. One method involves chemical synthesis, whereas an alternative method employs endonucleolytic cleavage of target specific long double-stranded RNAs by RNase III in vitro. Thereby, a diverse pool of siRNA-like oligonucleotides is produced which is also known as endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or esiRNA. A comparison of efficacy of chemically derived siRNAs and esiRNAs shows that both triggers are potent in target-gene silencing. Differences can, however, be seen when comparing specificity. Many single chemically synthesized siRNAs produce prominent off-target effects, whereas the complex mixture inherent in esiRNAs leads to a more specific knockdown10.
In this study, we present the design of genome-scale MISSION esiRNA libraries and its utilization for RNAi screening exemplified by a DNA-content screen for the identification of genes involved in cell cycle progression. We show how to optimize the transfection protocol and the assay for screening in high throughput. We also demonstrate how large data-sets can be evaluated statistically and present methods to validate primary hits. Finally, we give potential starting points for further functional characterizations of validated hits.

Here we use a human esiRNA library in a high-throughput screen for genes involved in cell division. We demonstrate how to set up and conduct an esiRNA screens, as well as how to analyze and validate the results.

MISIÓN esiRNA sobre el cribado del ARNi en células de mamífero

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

Basado en la fluorescencia de medición de la entrada de calcio de la tienda que funciona en las células vivas: a partir de células cancerosas cultivadas de fibra muscular esquelética

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Analysis of Cell Cycle Position in Mammalian Cells

The regulation of cell proliferation is central to tissue morphogenesis during the development of multicellular organisms. Furthermore, loss of control of cell proliferation underlies the pathology of diseases like cancer. As such there is great need to be able to investigate cell proliferation and quantitate the proportion of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. It is also of vital importance to indistinguishably identify cells that are replicating their DNA within a larger population. Since a cell&prime;s decision to proliferate is made in the G1 phase immediately before initiating DNA synthesis and progressing through the rest of the cell cycle, detection of DNA synthesis at this stage allows for an unambiguous determination of the status of growth regulation in cell culture experiments.
DNA content in cells can be readily quantitated by flow cytometry of cells stained with propidium iodide, a fluorescent DNA intercalating dye. Similarly, active DNA synthesis can be quantitated by culturing cells in the presence of radioactive thymidine, harvesting the cells, and measuring the incorporation of radioactivity into an acid insoluble fraction. We have considerable expertise with cell cycle analysis and recommend a different approach. We Investigate cell proliferation using bromodeoxyuridine/fluorodeoxyuridine (abbreviated simply as BrdU) staining that detects the incorporation of these thymine analogs into recently synthesized DNA. Labeling and staining cells with BrdU, combined with total DNA staining by propidium iodide and analysis by flow cytometry1 offers the most accurate measure of cells in the various stages of the cell cycle. It is our preferred method because it combines the detection of active DNA synthesis, through antibody based staining of BrdU, with total DNA content from propidium iodide. This allows for the clear separation of cells in G1 from early S phase, or late S phase from G2/M. Furthermore, this approach can be utilized to investigate the effects of many different cell stimuli and pharmacologic agents on the regulation of progression through these different cell cycle phases.
In this report we describe methods for labeling and staining cultured cells, as well as their analysis by flow cytometry. We also include experimental examples of how this method can be used to measure the effects of growth inhibiting signals from cytokines such as TGF-&beta;1, and proliferative inhibitors such as the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p27KIP1. We also include an alternate protocol that allows for the analysis of cell cycle position in a sub-population of cells within a larger culture5. In this case, we demonstrate how to detect a cell cycle arrest in cells transfected with the retinoblastoma gene even when greatly outnumbered by untransfected cells in the same culture. These examples illustrate the many ways that DNA staining and flow cytometry can be utilized and adapted to investigate fundamental questions of mammalian cell cycle control.

Determining the cell cycle position of a population of cells, or understanding how signals affect proliferation, can be readily measured by flow cytometry using this protocol. We report a simple experimental approach to staining cells and quantifying their position in the cell cycle.

Análisis de la posición del ciclo celular en células de mamífero

The regulation of cell proliferation is central to tissue morphogenesis during the development of multicellular organisms. Furthermore, loss of control of ...

Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

Intracellular Ca2+ signals are commonly studied with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dyes and microscopy techniques. However, quantitative analysis of Ca2+ imaging data is time consuming and subject to bias. Automated signal analysis algorithms based on region of interest (ROI) detection have been implemented for one-dimensional line scan measurements, but there is no current algorithm which integrates optimized identification and analysis of ROIs in two-dimensional image sequences. Here an algorithm for rapid acquisition and analysis of ROIs in image sequences is described. It utilizes ellipses fit to noise filtered signals in order to determine optimal ROI placement, and computes Ca2+ signal parameters of amplitude, duration and spatial spread. This algorithm was implemented as a freely available plugin for ImageJ (NIH) software. Together with analysis scripts written for the open source statistical processing software R, this approach provides a high-capacity pipeline for performing quick statistical analysis of experimental output. The authors suggest that use of this analysis protocol will lead to a more complete and unbiased characterization of physiologic Ca2+ signaling.

Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

Here a novel region of interest analysis protocol based on sorting best-fit ellipses assigned to regions of positive signal within two-dimensional time lapse image sequences is demonstrated. This algorithm may enable investigators to comprehensively analyze physiological Ca2+ signals with minimal user input and bias.

Análisis automatizado de Dinámica Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; Las señales en secuencias de imágenes

Intracellular Ca2+ signals are commonly studied with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dyes and microscopy techniques. However, quantitative analysis of Ca2+ ...

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that regulates diverse biological pathways including the hypoxia response, proteostasis, the DNA damage response and transcription.&#160; To better understand how UBLs regulate pathways relevant to human disease, we have compiled a human siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; library consisting of 1,186 siRNA duplex pools targeting all known and predicted components of UBL system pathways. This library can be screened against a range of cell lines expressing reporters of diverse biological pathways to determine which UBL components act as positive or negative regulators of the pathway in question.&#160; Here, we describe a protocol utilizing this library to identify ubiquitome-regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia using a transcription-based luciferase reporter.&#160; An initial assay development stage is performed to establish suitable screening parameters of the cell line before performing the screen in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary/deconvolution screening. &#160;The use of targeted over whole genome siRNA libraries is becoming increasingly popular as it offers the advantage of reporting only on members of the pathway with which the investigators are most interested.&#160; Despite inherent limitations of siRNA screening, in particular false-positives caused by siRNA off-target effects, the identification of genuine novel regulators of the pathways in question outweigh these shortcomings, which can be overcome by performing a series of carefully undertaken control experiments.

Here, we describe a methodology to perform a targeted siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; screen to identify novel ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia.&#160; This can be adapted to any biological pathway where a robust read out of reporter activity is available.

Screening siRNA para identificar ubiquitina y reguladores del sistema ubiquitina-como de las vías biológicas en células de mamífero en cultivo

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in various molecular and cellular processes such as gene transcription, translation, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The biosynthesis levels of heme vary across different tissues and cell types and is altered in diseased conditions such as anemia, neuropathy and cancer. This technique uses [4-14C] 5-aminolevulinic acid ([14C] 5-ALA), one of the early precursors in the heme biosynthesis pathway to measure the levels of heme synthesis in mammalian cells. This assay involves incubation of cells with [14C] 5-ALA followed by extraction of heme and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into heme. This procedure is accurate and quick. This method measures the relative levels of heme biosynthesis rather than the total heme content. To demonstrate the use of this technique the levels of heme biosynthesis were measured in several mammalian cell lines.

Altered intracellular heme levels are associated with common diseases such as cancer. Thus, there is a need to measure heme biosynthesis levels in diverse cells. The goal of this protocol is to provide a fast and sensitive method to measure and compare the levels of heme synthesis in different cells.

Medición de niveles hemo síntesis en células de mamífero

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in ...

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells

The genetic reporter assay is a well-established and powerful tool for dissecting the relationship between DNA sequences and their gene regulatory activities. The potential throughput of this assay has, however, been limited by the need to individually clone and assay the activity of each sequence on interest using protein fluorescence or enzymatic activity as a proxy for regulatory activity. Advances in high-throughput DNA synthesis and sequencing technologies have recently made it possible to overcome these limitations by multiplexing the construction and interrogation of large libraries of reporter constructs. This protocol describes implementation of a Massively Parallel Reporter Assay (MPRA) that allows direct comparison of hundreds of thousands of putative regulatory sequences in a single cell culture dish.

The genetic reporter assay is a well-established and powerful tool for dissecting the relationship between DNA sequences and their gene regulatory activities. Coupling candidate regulatory elements to reporter genes that carry identifying sequence tags enables massive parallelization of these assays.

Methods Article

Imagen Ca Local