Name: detecting migration and infiltration of neutrophils in mice
Uploaded: 2020-02-06T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Migration and Infiltration of Neutrophils in Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81430099 and 31500704), International Cooperation and Exchange Projects (grant number 2014DFA32950), and the research program of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (grant numbers BUCM-2019-JCRC006 and 2019-JYB-TD013).

All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Animal Care and Use Committee.
NOTE: C57BL/6 mice (7-8 weeks old) were used.
1. Neutrophil isolation
<ol>
	<li>Acquisition of peritoneal exudate cells
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare fresh 10% proteose peptone solution in ddH2O. Calculate the volume needed according to the number of mice. 
		NOTE: Set the number of mice as N, (2N+1) mL of solution must be disso...

<ol>
	<li>Klein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+defects+in+severe+congenital+neutropenia:+emerging+insights+into+life+and+death+of+human+neutrophil+granulocytes.">Genetic defects in severe congenital neutropenia: emerging insights into life and death of human neutrophil granulocytes.</a> Annual Review of Immunology. 29, 399-413 (2011).</li><li>Nuzzi, P. A., Lokuta, M. A., Huttenlocher, A., Coutts, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Neutrophil+Chemotaxis.">Analysis of Neutrophil Chemotaxis.</a> Adhesion Protein Protocols. , 23-35 (2007).</li><li>Margraf, A., Ley, K., Zarbock, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+Recruitment:+From+Model+Systems+to+Tissue-Specific+Patterns.">Neutrophil Recruitment: From Model Systems to Tissue-Specific Patterns.</a> Trends in Immunology. 40 (7), 613-634 (2019).</li><li>Bardoel, B. W., Kenny, E. F., Sollberger, G., Zychlinsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+balancing+act+of+neutrophils.">The balancing act of neutrophils.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 15 (5), 526-536 (2014).</li><li>Wright, H. L., Moots, R. J., Bucknall, R. C., Edwards, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+function+in+inflammation+and+inflammatory+diseases.">Neutrophil function in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.</a> Rheumatology. 49 (9), 1618-1631 (2010).</li><li>Thieblemont, N., Wright, H. L., Edwards, S. W., Witko-Sarsat, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neutrophils+in+auto-immunity.">Human neutrophils in auto-immunity.</a> Seminars in Immunology. 28 (2), 159-173 (2016).</li><li>Oh, H., Siano, B., Diamond, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+isolation+protocol.">Neutrophil isolation protocol.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (17), e745 (2008).</li><li>Filippi, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+transendothelial+migration:+updates+and+new+perspectives.">Neutrophil transendothelial migration: updates and new perspectives.</a> Blood. 133 (20), 2149-2158 (2019).</li><li>Kouspou, M. M., Price, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+cellular+migration+using+a+two-chamber+methodology.">Analysis of cellular migration using a two-chamber methodology.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 787, 303-317 (2011).</li><li>Muinonen-Martin, A. J., Veltman, D. M., Kalna, G., Insall, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+chamber+for+direct+visualisation+of+chemotaxis.">An improved chamber for direct visualisation of chemotaxis.</a> PLoS One. 5 (12), e15309 (2010).</li><li>Walheim, C. C., Zanin, J. P., de Bellard, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+trunk+neural+crest+cell+migration+using+a+modified+Zigmond+chamber+assay.">Analysis of trunk neural crest cell migration using a modified Zigmond chamber assay.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (59), e3330 (2012).</li><li>Liew, P. X., Kubes, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Neutrophil's+Role+During+Health+and+Disease.">The Neutrophil's Role During Health and Disease.</a> Physiological Reviews. 99 (2), 1223-1248 (2019).</li><li>Ley, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils:+New+insights+and+open+questions.">Neutrophils: New insights and open questions.</a> Science Immunology. 3 (30), eaat4579 (2018).</li><li>Tillack, K., Breiden, P., Martin, R., Sospedra, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+lymphocyte+priming+by+neutrophil+extracellular+traps+links+innate+and+adaptive+immune+responses.">T lymphocyte priming by neutrophil extracellular traps links innate and adaptive immune responses.</a> Journal of Immunology. 188 (7), 3150-3159 (2012).</li><li>Puga, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cell-helper+neutrophils+stimulate+the+diversification+and+production+of+immunoglobulin+in+the+marginal+zone+of+the+spleen.">B cell-helper neutrophils stimulate the diversification and production of immunoglobulin in the marginal zone of the spleen.</a> Nature Immunology. 13 (2), 170-180 (2011).</li><li>Strzepa, A., Pritchard, K. A., Dittel, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloperoxidase:+A+new+player+in+autoimmunity.">Myeloperoxidase: A new player in autoimmunity.</a> Cellular Immunology. 317, 1-8 (2017).</li><li>Momohara, S., Kashiwazaki, S., Inoue, K., Saito, S., Nakagawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase+from+polymorphonuclear+leukocyte+in+articular+cartilage+and+synovial+fluids+of+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Elastase from polymorphonuclear leukocyte in articular cartilage and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Clinical Rheumatology. 16 (2), 133-140 (1997).</li><li>Swamydas, M., Luo, Y., Dorf, M. E., Lionakis, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Mouse+Neutrophils.">Isolation of Mouse Neutrophils.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. 110 (1), 3.20.1-3.20.15 (2015).</li><li>Luo, Y., Dorf, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Mouse+Neutrophils.">Isolation of Mouse Neutrophils.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. 22 (1), 3.20.1-3.20.6 (1997).</li><li>Carlson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neutrophil+lipocalin+is+a+unique+marker+of+neutrophil+inflammation+in+ulcerative+colitis+and+proctitis.">Human neutrophil lipocalin is a unique marker of neutrophil inflammation in ulcerative colitis and proctitis.</a> Gut. 50 (4), 501-506 (2002).</li><li>Nathan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+and+immunity:+challenges+and+opportunities.">Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 6 (3), 173-182 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tanshinone+IIA+ameliorates+chronic+arthritis+in+mice+by+modulating+neutrophil+activities.">Tanshinone IIA ameliorates chronic arthritis in mice by modulating neutrophil activities.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 190 (1), 29-39 (2017).</li><li>Forster, R., Sozzani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+aspects+of+leukocyte+migration.">Emerging aspects of leukocyte migration.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 43 (6), 1404-1406 (2013).</li><li>Hu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil-Mediated+Delivery+of+Dexamethasone+Palmitate-Loaded+Liposomes+Decorated+with+a+Sialic+Acid+Conjugate+for+Rheumatoid+Arthritis+Treatment.">Neutrophil-Mediated Delivery of Dexamethasone Palmitate-Loaded Liposomes Decorated with a Sialic Acid Conjugate for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment.</a> Pharmaceutical Research. 36 (7), 97 (2019).</li></ol>

Detailed protocols of highly-purified neutrophils from peripheral blood7, bone marrow and tissues18 have been available for a long time. Here we adopt a method of isolating neutrophils from peritoneal fluid19 in which mature neutrophils remain inactivated for further anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies.
We used the air pouch experiment to explore the LPS-induced infiltration of neutrophils in vivo. This method has be...

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell and account for 50&#8722;70% of the whole white blood cell population in humans1. Neutrophils are one of the primary responders during acute inflammation. Neutrophils can be recruited to inflammation sites via the guidance of cytokines and chemokines released by tissue-resident cells2,3,4, which is mediated by the interactions between cell adhesion molecules on the surface of neutrophils and vascular endothelium cells5. Neutrophils are fundamental to host defense and play a role in pathologic inflammatory reactions due to their powerful capacity to damage tissue via the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other tissue-damaging molecules3,6.
Previous studies have described several neutrophil isolation protocols from mice or humans. Oh et al. demonstrated a density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole human blood7. However, the isolation of sufficient neutrophils from mouse blood is difficult because of the small blood volume. Alternatively, large numbers of pure and viable mouse neutrophils can be elicited from mouse peritoneal fluid, and these purified neutrophils can be used ex vivo to examine several aspects of cellular functions ex vivo, including neutrophil infiltration, migration, chemotaxis, oxidative burst, cytokine and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production8. Transwell assays9 or Zigmond chamber assays10,11 can be used to evaluate neutrophil migration in vitro. The air pouch model is used to evaluate the migration and infiltration of neutrophils in vivo. The subcutaneous air pouch model is a convenient in vivo animal model to study the migration of inflammatory cells.
Traditionally, neutrophils were considered as pathogen eliminators in acute phases of inflammation. However, recent findings have shown that neutrophils are complicated cells that perform a significant variety of specialized functions. Neutrophils can regulate many processes such as acute injury and repair, tumorigenesis, autoimmune response, and chronic inflammation12,13. Neutrophils also modulate adaptive immune responses and can regulate B cells and T cells14,15. Substantial shortage of neutrophils leads to mortality or severe immunodeficiency in humans and neutrophil depletion in mice leads to fatality, while excessive activation or recruitment of neutrophils in organs causes several immune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)6. Neutrophils are the most abundant cells in the synovial fluid of RA patients. Neutrophils produce excessive amounts of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) via degradation, which exacerbates cartilage erosion. MPO is a peroxidase enzyme mainly expressed in the granules of neutrophils16. NE is associated with articular cartilage destruction17. MPO and NE could be used to evaluate the status of neutrophil migration and infiltration in the tissue of RA patients.
This article provides three conventional methods to evaluate the migration of normal neutrophils induced both in vivo and in vitro, as well as the infiltration of pathological neutrophils in a mouse joint-specific inflammation model.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% Fast Green Solution</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>8348b</td>
			<td>Transfer 20 mg of fast grene FCF in one vial into another 100 mL beaker. Add 20 mL of H2O into the beaker and dissolve the stain by stirring to make 0.1% fast green solution, and filter it using a Nalgene PES 75mm filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% Safranin O Staining Solution</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>8348a</td>
			<td>Transfer 20 mg of safranin O stain in one vial into a 100 ml beaker. Add 20 mL of H2O into the beaker and dissolve the stain by stirring to make 0.1% safranin O staining solution, and filter it using a Nalgene PES 75mm filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution (EDTA), pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>324506</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Methanol</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Conical Polypropylene Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>14-959-53A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23 G x 1 1/4&#34; Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 G x 3/8&#34; Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3% bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 0.3 g BSA in 10 mL PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3% H2O2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 1 mL 30% H2O2 with methanol with 9 mL methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit</td>
			<td>ZSGB-BIO</td>
			<td>ZLI-9018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 G x 1/2&#34; Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% H2O2</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>Z683574</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Conical Polypropylene Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50% Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 500 mL 100% ethanol with 500 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>54.8% Percoll</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 2.74 mL SIP with 2.26 mL 1&#215;PBS, stand still</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 700 mL 100% ethanol with 300 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70.2% Percoll</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 3.51 mL SIP with 1.49 mL 1&#215;PBS, stand still</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>80% Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 800 mL 100% ethanol with 200 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 950 mL 100% ethanol with 50 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Alcohol Superfast Differentiation Solution</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C0165S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ANTIBODIES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Myeloperoxidase Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab208670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Neutrophil Elastase Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab21595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic Hematology Analyzer</td>
			<td>Sysmex</td>
			<td>XS-800i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>0332-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant, 10 mg/ml</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>1002036152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Slip</td>
			<td>CITOGLAS</td>
			<td>10212432C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dial Thickness Gauge</td>
			<td>Mitutoyo</td>
			<td>7301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Microtubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z606340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) Premium</td>
			<td>PAN</td>
			<td>P30-1302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>ZS Dichuang</td>
			<td>ZS-MV-IV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&#38;L (HRP)</td>
			<td>PPLYGEN</td>
			<td>C1309</td>
			<td>This is the secondary antibody used in the immunohistochemical staining.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>02-016-1A</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin Staining Solution</td>
			<td>ZSGB-BIO</td>
			<td>ZLI-9609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEDIA AND SUPPLEMENTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modified Safranin O-fast Green FCF Cartilage Stain Kit</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G1371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>47729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin Solution, 100&#215;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>1514022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>10245207</td>
			<td>Density gradient medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permeabilization Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 100 &#956;L Triton X-100 with 1 L dH2O to get 0.01% Triton X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), 1&#215;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 90% ddH2O with 10% (v/v) 10&#215;PBS, autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), 10&#215;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 16 g NaCl, 0.4 g KCl, 2.88 g Na2HPO4&#183;2H2O, 0.48 g KH2PO4 (anhydrous) in 200 mL ddH2O, adjust pH 7.4, autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLASTIC WARES AND EQUIPMENTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>POWDER</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteose Peptone</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>1865317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retrieval Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 18 mL retrieval buffer A with 82 mL retrieval buffer B, add dH2O to 1000 mL, adjust pH to 6.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retrieval Buffer A Stock for IHC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 4.2 g citric acid (C6H5O7&#183;H2O) in 200 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retrieval Buffer B Stock for IHC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 5.88 g trisodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7&#183;2H20) in 200 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 Complete Medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium is supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shu Rui U40 Disposable Sterile Insulin Injection Needle 1 mL</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>328421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide</td>
			<td>CITOGLAS</td>
			<td>10127105P-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOLUTION</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stock Isotonic Percoll (SIP)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 90% (v/v) of percoll with 10% (v/v) 10&#215;PBS, stand still for 20 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wash Buffer in Air Pouch Assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 0.5M EDTA to 10mM with HBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Works</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting migration and infiltration of neutrophils in mice

Neutrophils are a major member of the innate immune system and play pivotal roles in host defense against pathogens and pathologic inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils can be recruited to inflammation sites via the guidance of cytokines and chemokines. Overwhelming infiltration of neutrophils can lead to indiscriminate tissue damage, such as in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Neutrophils isolated from peritoneal exudate respond to a defined chemoattractant, N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), in vitro in Transwell or Zigmond chamber assays. The air pouch experiment can be used to evaluate the chemotaxis of neutrophils towards lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. The adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) mouse model is frequently used in RA research, and immunohistochemical staining of joint sections with anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) or anti-neutrophil elastase (NE) antibodies is a well-established method to measure neutrophil infiltration. These methods can be used to discover promising therapies targeting neutrophil migration.

Peritoneal exudate cells were collected from lavage fluid of mice. Cells were resuspended in 1 mL of RPMI-1640 complete medium, layered onto a two-step (54.8%/70.2%) discontinuous density gradient (Figure 1A), and centrifuged at 1,500 x g for 30 min. Neutrophils (&#8805;95%, ~1 x 107 neutrophils/mouse) were recovered from the lower interface (Figure 1B).
<p class="jove_con...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Migration and Infiltration of Neutrophils in Mice at JoVE.com

Detecting Migration and Infiltration of Neutrophils in Mice

Here, we present three methods to assess neutrophil migration and infiltration both in vivo and in vitro. These methods can be used to discover promising therapeutics targeting neutrophil migration.

Neutrophils are a major member of the innate immune system and play pivotal roles in host defense against pathogens and pathologic inflammatory reactions. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. ...

Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

Efforts  to detect and investigate key oncogenic mutations have proven valuable to  facilitate the appropriate treatment for cancer patients. The ...

Detecting, Visualizing and Quantitating the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in an Amoeba Model System

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise a range of reactive and short-lived, oxygen-containing molecules, which are dynamically interconverted or ...

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and ...

Imaging Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules with 2-dimensional Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, ...

The MUB40 Peptide for Use in Detecting Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Events

The MUB40 Peptide for Use in Detecting Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Events

Here, we provide a protocol involving the use of MUB40, a synthesized peptide with the ability to bind glycosylated lactoferrin stored at high ...

Detecting and Characterizing Protein Self-Assembly In Vivo by Flow Cytometry

Protein self-assembly governs protein function and compartmentalizes cellular processes in space and time. Current methods to study it suffer from ...

Detecting Establishment of Shared Blood Supply in Parabiotic Mice by Caudal Vein Glucose Injection

Parabiosis is an experimental method for surgically combining two parallel animals along the longitudinal axis of the body. We present a protocol for ...

A Cost Effective and Adaptable Scratch Migration Assay

Cell migration is a key component in both physiological and pathological events. Normal cell migration is required for essential functions such as ...

Isolation of Human Neutrophils from Whole Blood and Buffy Coats

Neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant leukocytes in human circulation, ranging from 40 to 70% of total blood leukocytes. They are the first cells ...