Name: bacterial cell culture at the single-cell level inside giant vesicles
Uploaded: 2019-04-30T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bacterial Cell Culture at the Single-cell Level Inside Giant Vesicles at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers (LEADER, No. 16812285) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientist Research (No. 18K18157, 16K21034) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to M.M., and Grant-in-Aid from MEXT to K.K. (No. 17H06417, 17H06413).

1. Preparation of GVs Containing Bacterial Cells by the Droplet Transfer Method
<ol>
	<li>Prepare lipid stock solutions of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC, 10 mM, 1 mL) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[biotinyl(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (biotin-PEG-DSPE, 0.1 mM, 1 mL) in chloroform/methanol solution (2/1, v/v) and store the stock at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Preparation of a lipid-containing oil solution
	<ol>
		<li>Pour 20 &#956;L of the POPC solution and 4 &#...

<ol>
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Here, we describe a method for culturing bacterial cells at the single-cell level inside GVs. This simple method involves forming GVs containing bacterial cells at the single-cell level by using the droplet transfer method. Compared with other approaches for obtaining GVs containing bacterial cells, this method has two advantages: (i) it is easy to develop, and (ii) a small volume (2 &#956;L) of the sample solution is required to prepare the GVs. The droplet transfer method20 for preparing GVs con...

The culture of bacterial cells at the single-cell level has received increasing attention. Culturing bacterial cells at the single-cell level inside a confined space can elucidate bacterial functions such as phenotypic variability1,2,3,4, cell behavior5,6,7,8,9, and antibiotic resistance10,11. Because of recent advances in culture techniques, the culture of single bacteria can be achieved inside a confined space, such as in a well-chip4,7,8, gel droplet12,13, and water-in-oil (W/O) droplet5,11. To promote understanding or utilization of single bacterial cells, further technical developments of cultivation techniques are needed.
Vesicles that mimic the biological cell membrane are spherical compartments consisting of amphiphilic molecules and can hold various materials. Vesicles are classified according to size and include small vesicles (SVs, diameter &#60; 100 nm), large vesicles (LVs, &#60;1 &#956;m), and giant vesicles (GVs, &#62;1 &#956;m). SVs or LVs are commonly used as drug carriers because of their affinity to the biological cell membrane14. GVs have also been used as a reactor system for the construction of protocells15 or artificial-cells16. Encapsulation of biological cells into GVs has been reported17,18, and thus GVs show potential as a cell culture system when combined with the reactor system.
Here, along with a video of experimental procedures, we describe how GVs can be used as novel cell-culture vessels19. GVs containing bacteria were made by the droplet transfer method20 and were then immobilized on a supported membrane on a cover glass. We used this system to observe bacterial growth at the single-cell level inside GVs in real-time.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bactotryptone</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>211705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>032-21921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass (18 &#215; 18 mm)</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass Ind.</td>
			<td>C018181</td>
			<td>thickness 0.13&#8211;0.17 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass (30 &#215; 40 mm)</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass Ind.</td>
			<td>custom-order</td>
			<td>thickness 0.25&#8211;0.35 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hi-Tech Co.</td>
			<td>ATT101</td>
			<td>swing rotor type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-faced seal (10 &#215; 10 &#215; 1 mm)</td>
			<td>Nitoms</td>
			<td>T4613</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass vial</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>6-306-01</td>
			<td>Durham fermentation tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>049-31165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-73</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>133-16771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopic heating stage system</td>
			<td>TOKAI HIT</td>
			<td>TP-110R-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>23334-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-extruder</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>610000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutravidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUCPLFLN 40&#215;/0.6 NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate membranes</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>610005</td>
			<td>pore size 100 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sCMOS camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>Zyla 4.2 plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>196-00015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>ASU-3D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.6 mL lidded plastic tube</td>
			<td>Watson</td>
			<td>130-806C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL lidded plastic tube</td>
			<td>Sumitomo Bakelite Co.</td>
			<td>MS4265-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>850457P</td>
			<td>POPC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-distearoyl-snglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[biotinyl(polyethyleneglycol)-2000]</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>880129P</td>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-DSPE</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bacterial cell culture at the single-cell level inside giant vesicles

We developed a method for culturing bacterial cells at the single-cell level inside giant vesicles (GVs). Bacterial cell culture is important for understanding the function of bacterial cells in the natural environment. Because of technological advances, various bacterial cell functions can be revealed at the single-cell level inside a confined space. GVs are spherical micro-sized compartments composed of amphiphilic lipid molecules and can hold various materials, including cells. In this study, a single bacterial cell was encapsulated into 10&#8211;30 &#956;m GVs by the droplet transfer method and the GVs containing bacterial cells were immobilized on a supported membrane on a glass substrate. Our method is useful for observing the real-time growth of single bacteria inside GVs. We cultured Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells as a model inside GVs, but this method can be adapted to other cell types. Our method can be used in the science and industrial fields of microbiology, biology, biotechnology, and synthetic biology.

We present a simple method for generating GVs containing single bacterial cells using the droplet transfer method (Figure 1). Figure 1a shows a schematic image of the precipitation of GVs containing bacteria. W/O droplets containing bacteria are transferred across the oil-water (lipid monolayer) interface by centrifugation to form GVs. The difference in density between sucrose (inner aqueous solution) and glucose (outer aqueous s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bacterial Cell Culture at the Single-cell Level Inside Giant Vesicles at JoVE.com

Bacterial Cell Culture at the Single-cell Level Inside Giant Vesicles

We demonstrate single-cell culture of bacteria inside giant vesicles (GVs). GVs containing bacterial cells were prepared by the droplet transfer method and were immobilized on a supported membrane on a glass substrate for direct observation of bacterial growth. This approach may also be adaptable to other cells.

We developed a method for culturing bacterial cells at the single-cell level inside giant vesicles (GVs). Bacterial cell culture is important for ...

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