Name: a modified surgical technique for kidney transplantation in mice
Uploaded: 2022-07-22T13:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Surgical Technique for Kidney Transplantation in Mice at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Tiantian Bai team for help with voice over, Miss Mian Pao for her help in medical illustration. This work was supported in part by the German Research Foundation (DFG) to promote international collaborations (HO2581/4-1 to AH) and the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC; #81760291 to FJ).

All animal experiments were conducted according to the guidelines from the directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament on protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Animal ethics card: Lower Saxony Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, #33.9-42502-04-11/0492). Conduct procedures using sterile surgical instruments and consumables (autoclaved) and try to keep the operating area as sterile as possible.
NOTE: C57BL/6J male mice served as donors and recipients (syngeneic transplant model) ...

<ol>
	<li>Skoskiewicz, M., Chase, C., Winn, H. J., Russell, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kidney+transplants+between+mice+of+graded+immunogenetic+diversity.">Kidney transplants between mice of graded immunogenetic diversity.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 5 (1), 721-725 (1973).</li><li>Jiang, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+assessment+of+renal+fibrosis+with+magnetization+transfer+MR+imaging:+Validation+and+evaluation+in+murine+renal+artery+stenosis.">Noninvasive assessment of renal fibrosis with magnetization transfer MR imaging: Validation and evaluation in murine renal artery stenosis.</a> Radiology. 283 (1), 77-86 (2017).</li><li>Tse, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+kidney+transplantation:+Models+of+allograft+rejection.">Mouse kidney transplantation: Models of allograft rejection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (92), e52163 (2014).</li><li>Okazaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=et+al.Costimulatory+blockade-mediated+lung+allograft+acceptance+is+abrogated+by+overexpression+of+Bcl-2+in+the+recipient.">et al.Costimulatory blockade-mediated lung allograft acceptance is abrogated by overexpression of Bcl-2 in the recipient.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 41 (1), 385-387 (2009).</li><li>Chuck, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=et+al.Ultra-short+echo-time+magnetic+resonance+imaging+distinguishes+ischemia/reperfusion+injury+from+acute+rejection+in+a+mouse+lung+transplantation+model.">et al.Ultra-short echo-time magnetic resonance imaging distinguishes ischemia/reperfusion injury from acute rejection in a mouse lung transplantation model.</a> Transplant International. 29 (1), 108-118 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pattern+of+liver,+kidney,+heart,+and+intestine+allograft+rejection+in+different+mouse+strain+combinations.">Pattern of liver, kidney, heart, and intestine allograft rejection in different mouse strain combinations.</a> Transplantation. 62 (9), 1267-1272 (1996).</li><li>Wang, J., Hockenheimer, S., Bickerstaff, A. A., Hadley, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+renal+transplantation+procedure.">Murine renal transplantation procedure.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (29), e1150 (2009).</li><li>Plenter, R., Jain, S., Ruller, C. M., Nydam, T. L., Jani, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+kidney+transplant+technique.">Murine kidney transplant technique.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (104), e52848 (2015).</li><li>Plenter, R. J., Jain, S., Nydam, T. L., Jani, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revised+arterial+anastomosis+for+improving+murine+kidney+transplant+outcomes.">Revised arterial anastomosis for improving murine kidney transplant outcomes.</a> Journal of Investigative Surgery. 28 (4), 208-214 (2015).</li><li>Rong, S., Lewis, A. G., Kunter, U., Haller, H., Gueler, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+knotless+technique+for+kidney+transplantation+in+the+mouse.">A knotless technique for kidney transplantation in the mouse.</a> Journal of Transplantation. , 127215 (2012).</li><li>Kreimann, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemia+reperfusion+injury+triggers+CXCL13+release+and+B-cell+recruitment+after+allogenic+kidney+transplantation.">Ischemia reperfusion injury triggers CXCL13 release and B-cell recruitment after allogenic kidney transplantation.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 11, 1204 (2020).</li><li>Schmidbauer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion-Weighted+imaging+and+mapping+of+T1+and+T2+relaxation+time+for+evaluation+of+chronic+renal+allograft+rejection+in+a+translational+mouse+model.">Diffusion-Weighted imaging and mapping of T1 and T2 relaxation time for evaluation of chronic renal allograft rejection in a translational mouse model.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (19), 4318 (2021).</li><li>Wu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+technique+for+blood+circuit+reconstruction+in+mouse+heart+transplantation+model.">Novel technique for blood circuit reconstruction in mouse heart transplantation model.</a> Microsurgery. 26, 594-598 (2006).</li><li>Haas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+allograft+nephropathy+or+interstitial+fibrosis+and+tubular+atrophy:+what+is+in+a+name.">Chronic allograft nephropathy or interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy: what is in a name.</a> Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 23 (3), 245-250 (2014).</li><li>Dang, Z., MacKinnon, A., Marson, L. P., Sethi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubular+atrophy+and+interstitial+fibrosis+after+renal+transplantation+is+dependent+on+galectin-3.">Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis after renal transplantation is dependent on galectin-3.</a> Transplantation. 93 (5), 477-484 (2012).</li><li>Yin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+circuit+reconstruction+in+an+abdominal+mouse+heart+transplantation+model.">Blood circuit reconstruction in an abdominal mouse heart transplantation model.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (172), e62007 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+techniques+for+kidney+transplantation+in+mice.">Improved techniques for kidney transplantation in mice.</a> Microsurgery. 16 (2), 103-109 (1995).</li><li>Mannon, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+rejection+of+mouse+kidney+allografts.">Chronic rejection of mouse kidney allografts.</a> Kidney International. 55 (5), 1935-1944 (1999).</li><li>Coffman, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+renal+function+in+mouse+kidney+allografts+lacking+MHC+class+I+antigens.">Improved renal function in mouse kidney allografts lacking MHC class I antigens.</a> Journal of Immunology. 151 (1), 425-435 (1993).</li><li>Martins, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+curve,+surgical+results+and+operative+complications+for+kidney+transplantation+in+mice.">Learning curve, surgical results and operative complications for kidney transplantation in mice.</a> Microsurgery. 26 (8), 590-593 (2006).</li></ol>

While the skin transplantation model in mice is simple and easy to perform to study alloimmune rejection events, the surgical techniques for investigating more specifically the alloimmune-related inflammatory alterations after heart16 and kidney transplantation10 has been proven to be complex and very demanding. From the transplant nephrologist&#39;s point of view, the establishment of an effective and long-term stable mouse renal transplantation model has still an irreplac...

Since Sakowitz et al. developed mouse models of kidney transplantation in 1973 for the first time1, it has proven as an important experimental tool to study the mechanisms of transplant ischemic injury and alloimmune rejection as well as for developing new treatments aimed to prolong allograft survival and possibly to achieve immunological tolerance. However, the surgical technique has proven to be complex and very demanding, sometimes having complications such as vascular anastomotic strictures leading to prerenal non-immunological kidney transplant failure2, postrenal failure caused by ischemia and subsequent necrosis of the transplanted ureter, strictures of the anastomosis of the transplanted ureter and/or the recipient&#39;s urine bladder leading to a disruption of the urinary outflow. All of these are reasons why renal transplantation in mice has not been further developed and is therefore not widely used. Establishing an effective and long-term stable mouse kidney transplantation model without vascular and urinary tract complications still has irreplaceable significance for many studies in the transplant field with focus on the renal immune mediated but also infectious diseases3. In addition, compared with other organ transplants in murine models such as lung, heart, and intestinal transplantation4,5, the mouse kidney transplantation model offers a chance for studying long-term survival even in the setting of major histocompatibility antigen disparity3,6. It has also been shown that in the same setting of donor-recipient strain combinations different organ transplants such as heart or kidney are characterized by different dynamics and onsets of allograft rejection3. Furthermore, from the nephrological point of view, it is a more suitable model for studying parenchymal mediated immune regulatory mechanisms in the context of acute and chronic rejection events than simple skin transplant experiments.
On the basis of previous reports on the surgical technique of kidney transplantation in mice3,7,8,9, we here demonstrate the following reliable improvements that have been successfully applied during the past 10 years within our group10,11,12: Firstly, the ureteral artery is safely conserved as the renal artery is resected en bloc together with the respective part of the abdominal aorta. Second, a new, simple, and rapid technique of a knotless vascular anastomosis in which the final stitch of anastomosis is not tied with the end of the upper tie like the traditional approach but remains free. This technique enables to increase or decrease the size of the anastomosis after renal reperfusion to avoid vessel stricture and intraabdominal bleeding. Third, 21 G and 30 G syringe needles were used as an auxiliary puncture guiding tool in order to implant the donor ureter into the recipient&#39;s bladder wall reducing the damage to the recipient&#39;s bladder and facilitating the formation of stricture free anastomosis.
In this report, we also compared the traditional, widely used technique with the modified one that is established in our laboratory and found no significant difference in the degree of renal tubular atrophy and kidney transplant interstitial tissue fibrosis. In previous studies, we additionally compared the results of this new technique with the conventional method in terms of local bleeding, thrombosis, time for performing the vessel anastomosis and survival rate. We found improvements such as significant reductions of local thrombosis events (1.1% versus 6.6%), a reduced time for the anastomosis procedure, and a highly reproducible kidney syngeneic graft long-term survival (95% versus 84% with the classical approach)10.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>30G-needles</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>456300</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acepromazine</td>
			<td>CP Pharma</td>
			<td>Tranquisol P</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen eye ointment</td>
			<td>Haus-Apotheke</td>
			<td>PZN 01578675</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn Micro Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11083-07</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Box for insulation and oxygen supply device</td>
			<td>RUSKINN</td>
			<td>INVIV</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J&#160; mice</td>
			<td>Charles River. Germany</td>
			<td>no catalog number</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Zoetis</td>
			<td>Rimadyl 50 mg/ml</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CATHETER-FEP 26G</td>
			<td>TERUMO</td>
			<td>Surflo-W</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clip Applicator Forceps Style</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18057-14</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14114-G</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cutasept skin disinfection</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BODL980365</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dehydrator</td>
			<td>DIAPATH</td>
			<td>Donatello</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrosurgical pen</td>
			<td>Bovie</td>
			<td>CHANGE-A-TIP</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding machine</td>
			<td>Wuhan Junjie Electronics Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>JB-P5</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co. LtD</td>
			<td>100092683</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frozen platform</td>
			<td>Wuhan Junjie Electronics Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>JB-L5</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gauze pads, cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Lohmann-Rauscher</td>
			<td>13353</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G6004</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HE dye solution set</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G1003</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating mat</td>
			<td>THERMO MAT PRO 30W</td>
			<td>HTP-30</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hemostatic sponge</td>
			<td>CuraSpon</td>
			<td>J1276A</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heparine-solution</td>
			<td>Haus-Apotheke</td>
			<td>PZN 03029820</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ice box</td>
			<td>PETZ</td>
			<td>No Catalog Number available</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging system</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon DS-U3</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhalation anesthesia device</td>
			<td>GROPPLER</td>
			<td>BKGM 0616</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane</td>
			<td>CP Pharma</td>
			<td>Isofluran CP 1 ml/ml</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ketamine</td>
			<td>Zoetis</td>
			<td>no catalog numer</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masson dye solution set</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G1006</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>metamizole</td>
			<td>WDT</td>
			<td>no catalog numer</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>15000-00,15000-10</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Serrefine ( Clamp ) Angled / 16 mm</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18055-06</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>LEICAMZ6</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope light</td>
			<td>SCHOTT</td>
			<td>KL2500LED</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral gum</td>
			<td>SCRC</td>
			<td>10004160</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Tianjin Laibo Rui Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>GFL-230</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pathology slicer</td>
			<td>Shanghai Leica Instrument Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>RM2016</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline solution (NaCl 0.9 %)</td>
			<td>Haus-Apotheke</td>
			<td>PZN 06178437</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors</td>
			<td>Peha Instruments</td>
			<td>991083/4</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>8,33,900</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14113-G</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical tape</td>
			<td>BSN</td>
			<td>4120</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture Tying Forceps - 10 cm</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18025-10</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures(10-0)</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>N2540</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures(4-0)</td>
			<td>ETHILON</td>
			<td>V4940H</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures(7-0)</td>
			<td>ETHILON</td>
			<td>1647H</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (0,3 mL)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>324826</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>320801</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue spreader</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Kehua Instrument Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>KD-P</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright optical microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse E100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>Rompun</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co. LtD</td>
			<td>10023418</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified surgical technique for kidney transplantation in mice

Kidney transplantation in mice is a complicated and challenging surgery procedure. There are very few publications demonstrating the key steps of this operation. Therefore, this article introduces the technique and points out the surgical caveats associated with this operation. In addition, important modifications in comparison to the conventional procedure are demonstrated. Firstly, a patch of the abdominal aorta is cut and prepared so that the proximal bifurcations of the renal artery, including the ureteral artery are transected together with the donor kidney en bloc. This reduces the risk of a ureter necrosis and avoids the development of a urinary tract occlusion. Secondly, a new method of the vascular anastomosis is demonstrated that allows the operator to flexibly increase or decrease the size of the anastomosis after renal transplant reperfusion has already been initiated. This avoids the development of vessel strictures and intraabdominal bleeding. Thirdly, a technique that enables the anastomosis of the delicate donor ureter and the recipient bladder that does not cause a trauma is shown. Adopting this protocol can shorten the operation time and reduces the damage to the recipient's bladder, thereby significantly increasing the operation success rate for the recipient mice.

Four weeks after transplantation, both the modified technique as well as the conventional technique displayed moderate signs of renal tubular atrophy14,15 when compared to the native recipient contralateral kidneys (Figure 1). The degree of the renal tubules atrophy demonstrated no significant difference between the two different techniques. Masson Goldner&#39;s trichrome staining14,<sup class="xref...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Surgical Technique for Kidney Transplantation in Mice at JoVE.com

A Modified Surgical Technique for Kidney Transplantation in Mice

This protocol presents a new surgical technique of mouse kidney transplantation focusing on a modified arterial anastomosis strategy. A vascular suture technique including a simple and safer ureter-bladder anastomosis method is also presented. These modifications shorten the operation time and improve the success rate of the mouse kidney transplantation procedure.

Kidney transplantation in mice is a complicated and challenging surgery procedure. There are very few publications demonstrating the key steps of this ...

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Decreased red cell deformability is characteristic of several disorders. In some cases, the extent of defective deformability can predict severity of ...

Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals

The repertoire of circulating anti-carbohydrate antibodies of a given individual is often associated with its immunological status. Not only the ...

Renal Subcapsular Transplantation of 2'-Deoxyguanosine-Treated Murine Embryonic Thymus in Nude Mice

The thymus is an important central immune organ, which plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of T cells. Thymus transplantation ...

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications ...

Optimization of the Cuff Technique for Murine Heart Transplantation

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to ...