Name: a hyperandrogenic mouse model to study polycystic ovary syndrome
Uploaded: 2018-10-02T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grants R00-HD068130 to S.W.) and the Baltimore Diabetes Research Center: Pilots and Feasibility Grant (to S.W.).

Here, we present detailed protocols for DHT pellet preparation and insertion, and for reproductive and metabolic testing. The mice used in this study were a mixed background (C57/B6, CD1, 129Sv) and were maintained with food and water ad libitum in a 14/10 h light/dark cycle at 24 &#176;C in the Broadway Research Building animal facility at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. All procedures were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Crea...

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Hyperandrogenism is a key feature of PCOS. The serum DHT levels (two fold higher in DHT mice than in no-DHT mice) used in this protocol are lower than those reported by other investigators in previous studies and are calibrated to proportionally mimic women with PCOS5,19,20,21. Unlike other models, this 2-fold DHT model does not alter the body weight and whole body composition compared with no-...

Hyperandrogenism is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to NIH criteria and of&#160;the Androgen Excess and PCOS (AE-PCOS) Society. Women with PCOS have difficulty getting pregnant and have increased risk of pregnancy complications1. Even if they get pregnant, their female offspring have an adverse health outcomes2,3. Animal models have been developed using various strategies4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 and exhibiting many features of PCOS (anovulation, and or impaired glucose and insulin tolerance) with increased body weight and obesity associated with enlarged adipocyte size and increased adipocyte weight. There are two major strategies to produce animal models that are used to study PCOS. One is treatment with high levels of androgens directly (exogenous androgen injection/insertion) or indirectly (such as blocking androgen conversion to estrogen with aromatase inhibitor) after birth13. Another is by fetal hyperexposure of androgens during gestation14,15 to study the offspring. For example, female offspring from rhesus monkey16,17, sheep18, and rodents exposed to male levels of androgen during the intrauterine period develop PCOS-like traits later in life. These models significantly enhanced our understanding of elevated androgen effects, and fetal programing, and uterine environmental effects. However, these models have their own limitations: 1) animals develop obesity and it is therefore difficult to separate the effects of hyperandrogenemia from obesity induced reproductive and metabolic dysfunction; 2) before pregnancy, women with PCOS already exhibit high levels of androgen, thus oocytes have been exposed to androgen excess before fertilization; 3) the pharmacological doses of testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) used after birth or during gestation may not reflect the androgen environment of PCOS. Testosterone and DHT levels have been measured in ovarian follicular fluid and/or serum, and testosterone and DHT levels are 1.5 to 3.9 fold higher in women with PCOS5,19,20,21,22,23 compared to unaffected women. We created an adult mouse model23,24,25 that develops reproductive and metabolic dysfunction within two weeks of the initiation of chronic DHT exposure from insertion of a pellet with 4mm length of crystal DHT powder (total length of pellet is 8mm). This model produces serum DHT levels that are about 2-fold higher (referred to as 2xDHT) than that of control mice without DHT treatment. The 2xDHT mice do not&#160;exhibit alterations of basal serum estradiol, testosterone,&#160;LH and do not&#160;develop obesity, and&#160;show similar ovarian weight, serum levels of cholesterol, free fatty acids, leptin, TNF&#945; and IL-623,24,25 relative to controls even up to 3.5 months after DHT insertion23,24,25. Additionally, by mating females that have already developed features of PCOS, we can study the impact of a hyperandrogenic maternal environment on the metabolic and reproductive health of the offspring15.
This new paradigm (relevant to NIH and AE-PCOS Society criteria) models the disease by producing relatively similar levels of androgens to those of women with PCOS 2- to 3-fold higher testosterone or DHT levels compared to unaffected women. However, this model is maintained by continual exogenous DHT and not from programmed endogenous hyperandrogenism once DHT is withdrawn. The overall goal of this article is to focus on 1) how to make the DHT pellet; 2) how to generate a lean-PCOS like mouse model; 3) strategies to evaluate female offspring from these dams. Other measurements and assessment of phenotypes are not addressed in this manuscript but can be found in5,15,23,24,25,26.

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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:243px;">Crystalline 5&#945;-DHT powder&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">&#160;Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A8380-1G</td>
			<td style="width:412px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:243px;">Dow Corning Silastic tubing</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11-189-15D</td>
			<td>0.04in/1mm inner diameter x0.085in/2.15mm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Medical adhesive silicone</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">&#160;Factor II, InC.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;A-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Goggles, lab coats, gloves and masks.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">&#160;10 &#181;L pipette tips without filter</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11113700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Microscope slide for smear</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-550-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Diff Quik for staining cells</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9979740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">&#160; Lancet</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9416572</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">3 mL Syring&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD),</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">&#160;attached needle: 20G</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">&#160;Ruler: any length than 10cm with milimeter scale.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Vet one AnnSeA LA, MWI, Boise</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NDC13985-704-10</td>
			<td>100mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Ketamine Hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Hospira, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NDC 0409-2051-05</td>
			<td>100mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">&#160;Surgical staple</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">&#160;AutoClip&#174; System, Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12020-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">&#160;Insulin syringe</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">329461</td>
			<td>1/2 CC, low dose U-100 insulin syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
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a hyperandrogenic mouse model to study polycystic ovary syndrome

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a lean PCOS-like mouse model that mimics women with PCOS is clinically meaningful. In this protocol, we describe such a model. By inserting a 4 mm length of DHT (dihydrotestosterone) crystal powder pellet (total length of pellet is 8 mm), and replacing it monthly, we are able to produce a PCOS-like mouse model with serum DHT levels 2 fold higher than mice not implanted with DHT (no-DHT). We observed reproductive and metabolic dysfunction without changing body weight and body composition. While exhibiting a high degree of infertility, a small subset of these PCOS-like female mice can get pregnant and their offspring show delayed puberty and increased testosterone as adults. This PCOS-like lean mouse model is a useful tool to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

Serum DHT levels and Glucose tolerance test
DHT levels were measured from collected serum by both ELISA and by LC-MS according to protocol 1.24&#8211;1.25, and 2.9, 3.0. The DHT absolute values are different between mass spectrometry and ELISA, however, the relative fold (around 2-fold) of DHT vs no-DHT insertion is similar from both assays and across experiments15,23,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome at JoVE.com

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

We describe the development of a lean PCOS-like mouse model with&#160;dihydrotestosterone pellet to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a ...

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