Name: imaging molecular adhesion in cell rolling by adhesion footprint assay
Uploaded: 2021-09-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Canada Foundation of Innovation (CFI 35492), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2017-04407), New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRFE-2018-00969), Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (SCH-2020-0559), and the University of British Columbia Eminence Fund.

1. Oligonucleotide labeling and hybridization
<ol>
	<li>Reduction of Protein G disulfide bonds
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 10 mg of Protein G (ProtG) in 1 mL of ultrapure water. 
		NOTE: The Protein G here is modified with a single cysteine residue at the C-terminus and an N-terminus poly-histidine tag.</li>
		<li>Buffer exchange &#8805;20 &#181;L of ProtG (10 mg/mL) into 1x PBS (pH 7.2) with a P6 column.</li>
		<li>Measure the protein concentration following buffer exchange. 
		NOTE: Typical concen...

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+interpretation+of+cell+rolling+velocity+distribution.">Quantitative interpretation of cell rolling velocity distribution.</a> Biophysical Journal. 120 (12), 2511-2520 (2021).</li><li>Li, I. T. S., Ha, T., Chemla, Y. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+cell+surface+adhesion+by+rotation+tracking+and+adhesion+footprinting.">Mapping cell surface adhesion by rotation tracking and adhesion footprinting.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 44502 (2017).</li><li>Yasunaga, A. B., Li, I. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+fast+molecular+adhesion+by+fluorescence+footprinting.">Quantification of fast molecular adhesion by fluorescence footprinting.</a> Science Advances. 7 (34), (2021).</li><li>Dempsey, G. T., Vaughan, J. C., Chen, K. H., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+fluorophores+for+optimal+performance+in+localization-based+super-resolution+imaging.">Evaluation of fluorophores for optimal performance in localization-based super-resolution imaging.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (12), 1027-1040 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, M., Lerum, M. 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T., Schlichthaerle, T., Schueder, F., Jungmann, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super-resolution+microscopy+with+DNA-PAINT.">Super-resolution microscopy with DNA-PAINT.</a> Nature Protocols. 12 (6), 1198-1228 (2017).</li><li>Chalfoun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MIST:+Accurate+and+scalable+microscopy+image+stitching+tool+with+stage+modeling+and+error+minimization.">MIST: Accurate and scalable microscopy image stitching tool with stage modeling and error minimization.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 4988 (2017).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+modular+and+universal+single+molecule+tension+sensor+using+protein+G+to+study+mechano-sensitive+receptors.">Constructing modular and universal single molecule tension sensor using protein G to study mechano-sensitive receptors.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 1-10 (2016).</li><li>Crockett-Torabi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectins+and+mechanisms+of+signal+transduction.">Selectins and mechanisms of signal transduction.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 63 (1), 1-14 (1998).</li><li>Ye, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+P-selectin+and+PSGL-1+axis+accelerates+atherosclerosis+via+activation+of+dendritic+cells+by+the+TLR4+signaling+pathway.">The P-selectin and PSGL-1 axis accelerates atherosclerosis via activation of dendritic cells by the TLR4 signaling pathway.</a> Cell Death and Disease. 10 (7), 507 (2019).</li><li>Saha, K., Bender, F., Gizeli, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+IgG+binding+to+proteins+G+and+A:+Nonequilibrium+kinetic+and+binding+constant+determination+with+the+acoustic+waveguide+device.">Comparative study of IgG binding to proteins G and A: Nonequilibrium kinetic and binding constant determination with the acoustic waveguide device.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 75 (4), 835-842 (2003).</li><li>Murad, Y., Li, I. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+molecular+forces+with+serially+connected+force+sensors.">Quantifying molecular forces with serially connected force sensors.</a> Biophysical Journal. 116 (7), 1282-1291 (2019).</li><li>Yasunaga, A. B., Murad, Y., Li, I. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+molecular+tension-classifications,+interpretations+and+limitations+of+force+sensors.">Quantifying molecular tension-classifications, interpretations and limitations of force sensors.</a> Physical Biology. 17 (1), 011001 (2020).</li></ol>

The adhesion footprint assay enables visualization of the molecular adhesion events between PSGL-1 and P-selectin during cell rolling adhesion. This process is initiated by P-selectin-mediated capturing followed by rolling under fluidic shear stress. Potential issues during the experiment usually involve poor cell rolling or missing fluorescent tracks even when cells roll well. These problems are often resulting from quality controls at the critical steps in the protocol, as listed in the troubleshooting table (T...

The rolling adhesion cascade describes how circulating cells tether to and roll along the blood vessel wall1. Passive rolling is primarily mediated by selectins, a major class of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)1. Under the shear flow of blood, leukocytes expressing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) form highly transient bonds with P-selectin, which may be expressed on the surface of inflamed endothelial cells. This process is critical for leukocytes to migrate to a site of inflammation2. In addition, PSGL-1 is also a mechanosensitive receptor capable of triggering the subsequent firm adhesion stage of the rolling adhesion cascade upon its engagement with P-selectin3.
Genetic mutations affecting CAM function can severely affect the immune system, such as in the rare disease of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), where malfunction of adhesion molecules mediating rolling leads to severely immunocompromised individuals4,5,6. In addition, circulating tumor cells have been shown to migrate following a similar rolling process, leading to metastasis7,8. However, because cell rolling is fast and dynamic, conventional experimental mechanobiology methods are unsuitable for studying molecular interactions during cell rolling. While single-cell and single-molecule manipulation methods like atomic force microscopy and optical tweezer were able to study molecular interactions such as P-selectin&#39;s force-dependent interaction with PSGL-1 at the single-molecule level9, they are unsuitable for investigating live adhesion events during cell rolling. Additionally, the interaction characterized in vitro cannot directly answer the question about molecular adhesion in vivo. For instance, what molecular tension range is biologically relevant when cells are functioning in their native environment? Computational methods such as adhesive dynamics simulation10 or simple steady-state model11 have captured certain molecular details and how they influence the rolling behavior but are highly dependent on the accuracy of the modeling parameters and assumptions. Other techniques such as traction force microscopy can detect forces during cell migration but do not provide sufficient spatial resolution or quantitative information on molecular tension. None of these techniques can provide direct experimental observations of the temporal dynamics, spatial distribution, and magnitude heterogeneity of molecular forces, which directly relate to cell function and behavior in their native environment.
Therefore, implementing a molecular force sensor capable of accurately measuring selectin-mediated interactions is crucial to improving our understanding of rolling adhesion. Here, we describe the protocol for the adhesion footprint assay12 where PSGL-1 coated beads are rolled on a surface presenting p-selectin functionalized tension gauge tethers (TGTs)13. These TGTs are irreversible DNA-based force sensors that result in a permanent history of rupture events in the form of fluorescence readout. This is achieved through the rupturing of the TGT (dsDNA) and then subsequent labeling of the ruptured TGT (ssDNA) with a fluorescently labeled complementary strand. One major advantage of this system is its compatibility with both diffraction-limited and super-resolution imaging. The fluorescently labeled complementary strand can either be permanently bound (&#62;12 bp) for diffraction-limited imaging or transiently bound (7-9 bp) for super-resolution imaging through DNA PAINT. This is an ideal system to study rolling adhesion as the TGTs are ruptured during active rolling, but the fluorescence readout is analyzed post-rolling. The two imaging methods also provide the user with more freedom to investigate rolling adhesion. Typically, diffraction-limited imaging is useful for extracting molecular rupture force through fluorescence intensity13, whereas super-resolution imaging allows for quantitative analysis of receptor density. With the ability to investigate these properties of rolling adhesion, this approach provides a promising platform for understanding the force-regulation mechanism on the molecular adhesion of rolling cells under shear flow.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4-channel drill guide</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printed with ABS filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-holes slide</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drill clean microscope slide using a Dremel with diamond coated drill bits on a 4-channels drill guide which has a layout that matches with the centers of the 8-32 threaded holes on the aluminum clamp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1101-4LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic spacer</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cut two blocks of acrylic sheets with the dimension of 40 mm x 30 mm x 2.5 mm. On each block, drill two 3 mm holes that are precisely aligned with the 4-40 holes on the aluminium holder.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium chip holder</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Machine anodized aluminium block into a C-shaped holder with the outer dimension of 640 mm x 500 mm x 65 mm and the opening dimension of 400 mm x 380 mm x 65 mm. Inlets and outlets are tapped with 8-32 thread.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminosilane</td>
			<td>AlfaAesar</td>
			<td>L14043</td>
			<td>CAS 1760-24-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic/antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Cytiva HyClone</td>
			<td>SV3007901</td>
			<td>Pen/Strep/Fungiezone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beads, ProtG coated polystyrene</td>
			<td>Spherotech</td>
			<td>PGP-60-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, DNA PAINT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.05% Tween-20, 5 mM Tris, 75 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, T50M5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, Rolling</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HBSS with 2mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Hepes, 0.1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, Wash</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2, 0.05% Tween 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10062-868</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentrated sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH3072-2.5LG</td>
			<td>95-98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip holding tweezers</td>
			<td>Techni-Tool</td>
			<td>758TW150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond-coated drill bits</td>
			<td>Abrasive technology</td>
			<td>C5250510</td>
			<td>0.75 mm diamond drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, amine-ssDNA (top strand)</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>CCGGGCGACGCAGGAGGG /3AmMO/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, biotin-ssDNA (bottom strand)</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>/5BiotinTEG/ TTTTT CCCTCCTGCGTCGCCCGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, imager strand for DNA-PAINT</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>GAGGGAAA TT/3Cy3Sp/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, imager strand for permanent labelling</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>CCGGGCGACGCAGG /3Cy3Sp/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-sided tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>237</td>
			<td>3/4 inch width, permanent double-sided tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Gorilla</td>
			<td>42001</td>
			<td>5 minute curing time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Avantor</td>
			<td>97068-085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelGreen</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH3094-2.5LG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass, Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-548-5P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass, Microscope slide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48300-026</td>
			<td>75 mm x 25 mm x 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass, Staining jar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>74830-150</td>
			<td>Wheaton Staining Jar (900620)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>04-315Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z359629-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HL-60 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidity chamber slide support</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printed with ABS filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH7690-1</td>
			<td>30%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I2399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inlets/outlets</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drill through eight 8-32 set screws using cobalt drill bits. Insert 1.5 cm&#160; polyethylene tubing (Tygon, I.D. 1/32&#8221; O.D. 3/32&#8221;) into each hollow setscrew</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove Modified Dulbecco Media (IMDM)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-722F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Ni-NTA beads</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mailer tubes</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>EMS71406-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1135-4LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Bio-Spin P-6 Gel Columns</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>7326200</td>
			<td>In SSC Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio</td>
			<td>MPEG-SVA-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG-biotin</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio</td>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-SVA-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470302-132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein, Protein G</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab155724</td>
			<td>N-terminal His-Tag and C-terminal cysteine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein, P-selectin-Fc</td>
			<td>R&#38;D System</td>
			<td>137-PS</td>
			<td>Recombinant Human P-Selectin/CD62P Fc Chimera Protein, CF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein, Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>CL1005-01-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump Syringe</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>704801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Ward&#8217;s Science</td>
			<td>470302-444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfo-SMCC</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>22322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81520</td>
			<td>Syringes with PTFE luer lock, 5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305115</td>
			<td>Precision Glide 26 G, 5/8 Inch Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCEP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4706-2G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH4502-500GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Adaptor</td>
			<td>Tygon</td>
			<td>ABW00001</td>
			<td>Formulation 3350, I.D. 1/32&#8221;; O.D. 3/32&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Polyethylene</td>
			<td>BD Intramedic</td>
			<td>427406</td>
			<td>Intramedic (PE20) I.D. 0.38mm; O.D. 1.09mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>93773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging molecular adhesion in cell rolling by adhesion footprint assay

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation. This phenomenon occurs in postcapillary venules, where blood flow pushes leukocytes in a rolling motion on the endothelial cells. Stable rolling requires a delicate balance between adhesion bond formation and their mechanically-driven dissociation, allowing the cell to remain attached to the surface while rolling in the direction of flow. Unlike other adhesion processes occurring in relatively static environments, rolling adhesion is highly dynamic as the rolling cells travel over thousands of microns at tens of microns per second. Consequently, conventional mechanobiology methods such as traction force microscopy are unsuitable for measuring the individual adhesion events and the associated molecular forces due to the short timescale and high sensitivity required. Here, we describe our latest implementation of the adhesion footprint assay to image the P-selectin: PSGL-1 interactions in rolling adhesion at the molecular level. This method utilizes irreversible DNA-based tension gauge tethers to produce a permanent history of molecular adhesion events in the form of fluorescence tracks. These tracks can be imaged in two ways: (1) stitching together thousands of diffraction-limited images to produce a large field of view, enabling the extraction of adhesion footprint of each rolling cell over thousands of microns in length, (2) performing DNA-PAINT to reconstruct super-resolution images of the fluorescence tracks within a small field of view. In this study, the adhesion footprint assay was used to study HL-60 cells rolling at different shear stresses. In doing so, we were able to image the spatial distribution of the P-selectin: PSGL-1 interaction and gain insight into their molecular forces through fluorescence intensity. Thus, this method provides the groundwork for the quantitative investigation of the various cell-surface interactions involved in rolling adhesion at the molecular level.

The protocol above describes the experimental procedure of the adhesion footprint assay. The general experiment workflow is illustrated in Figure 1, from the flow chamber assembly (Figure 1A) to the surface functionalization (Figure 1B) and experiment and imaging steps (Figure 1C).
Figure 2 is a representative result for the ProtG-ssDNA bioconjug...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay at JoVE.com

Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay

This protocol presents the experimental procedures to perform the adhesion footprint assay to image the adhesion events during fast cell rolling adhesion.

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of ...

This protocol helps establish the connection between molecular force and cell rolling behavior besides allowing to spatially map and quantifying rolling adhesion at the molecular level. This technique allows to study individual adhesion events during the actual cell rolling allowing us to measure the physiological relevant molecular adhesion force directly. Surface preparation using the appropriate concentration and incubation time in each step is crucial to achieve high-quality surface functionalization.The quality of bioconjugations and proper conditions are also crucial. Visual demonstration is critical to help researchers replicate this protocol. In particular, the steps such as flow chamber assembly and post-processing images will benefit greatly from a visual demonstration.Begin by thinly spreading a small amount of epoxy on both sides of the double-sided tape with a razor blade. Using a laser, cut the epoxy-coated tape to create four channels. Create the flow chip by sandwiching the epoxy tape between a four-hole slide and PEG coverslip.Using a pipette tip, apply gentle pressure along the length of the channels to create a good seal, then cure the epoxy for a minimum of one hour. Align the chip so that the opening of each channel is positioned at the centers of the adapter. Then place two transparent acrylic spacers on top of the chip.Apply firm pressure in the middle of the block and screw at the ends of each spacer. Screw the inlets into the threaded holes on the other side of the bracket and monitor the sealing condition through the transparent acrylic block. Flow 200 microliters of wash buffer into the chamber to check for leakage.If bubbles form in the channel, aggressively push an additional 200 microliters of wash buffer to remove the bubbles. Add 40 microliters of BSA to the flow chamber to prevent nonspecific binding and incubate for 10 minutes in the humidity chamber. After incubation, add 40 microliters at Tween 20 to the flow chamber and again incubate for 10 minutes to further reduce the nonspecific binding.Then wash the channel with 200 microliters of wash buffer to remove all passivation agents. For chamber surface functionalization, add 40 microliters of Streptavidin to the flow chamber and incubate for 20 minutes, then wash the chamber with 200 microliters of wash buffer. Now, add 40 microliters of hybridized protein G-TGT to the flow chamber and incubate for 20 minutes.After washing with wash buffer, add 40 microliters of protein G-TGT top strand and incubate for 20 minutes to complete any unhybridized TGT bottom strand on the surface and then wash with wash buffer. Finally, add 40 microliters of P-selectin-Fc to the flow chamber and incubate for 60 minutes before washing with wash buffer. Fill a five milliliter glass syringe with the rolling buffer and tap the sides of the syringe to dislodge and push the bubbles out as they float towards the tip.After inserting a sterile needle into a 200 millimeter piece of polyethylene tubing, connect the needle to the glass syringe. Fix the syringe onto the syringe pump and tilt the syringe pump such that the plunger side is elevated to prevent air bubbles from entering the channel. Insert the end of the tube into the flow chamber inlet.Insert one end of another 200 millimeter piece of the polyethylene tubing into the outlet and submerge the other end in a waste beaker. Take one to two milliliters of the cell suspension sample and centrifuge to pellet the cells. Remove the medium and gently resuspend the cells in 500 microliters of the rolling buffer.Carefully disconnect the tubing from the inlets and the outlet and pipette 40 microliters of the cell suspension into the flow chamber. Reconnect the tubing as described previously ensuring bubbles are not introduced into the flow channel. Begin cell rolling experiment by starting the syringe pump at desired flow rates.Observe cell rolling using a dark field microscope with a 10X objective. Once the experiment is completed, remove the cells from the channel by infusing the rolling buffer at 100 milliliters per hour until the surface is cell free. For imaging the local tracks by DNA-PAINT, add 40 microliters of DNA-PAINT imager strand prepared in DNA-PAINT buffer to the channel.Perform total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy using the conditions mentioned in the text manuscript. Localize and render the super resolution images. For imaging the long tracks by permanent labeling, add the permanent imager strand and incubate for 120 seconds in T50M5 buffer.Then wash the channel by infusing 200 microliters of wash buffer. Record an image with the excitation laser off to obtain background camera noise. Image a large area in a grid pattern by TIRF microscopy.Program the microscope to scan over the area of 400 by 50 images and split the raw data into individual TIP files each containing a maximum of 10, 000 images using the ImageJ program. Flatten all the images using the illumination profile and use the MIST plugin to stitch the images. The result for the protein G ssDNA bioconjugation characterization showed a nearly one is to one ratio of protein G to ssDNA where the protein G Maleimide ssDNA and imidazole elution buffer spectra from the orthogonal basis for fitting to the bioconjugation product spectrum.Native PAGE was used to confirm the bioconjugation showing the bright green bands coinciding with the monomeric protein G band indicating successful conjugation and good yield. The TIRF illumination profile introduced from a single mode fiber is generally brighter in the middle of the field of view and dimmer around the edges. To compensate for the uneven illumination and flatten the images for quantitative analysis, the illumination profile was determined by averaging thousands of individual frames.Flattened images were produced by subtracting the camera noise from both raw and illumination profiles and then normalizing by the illumination profile. Raw stitching showed clear periodic patterns corresponding to the uncorrected images, while the same field of view stitched from flattened images produced a flat background. A ramp up flow profile was used to determine the range of shear stress resulting in cell rolling and yield fluorescence tracks under which a typical single-cell adhesion footprint could be seen.Suboptimal and optimal results of fluorescent tracks with insufficient contrast, excessive track density, optimal track density and contrast, and diffraction limited and DNA-PAINT imaging are shown. incubation time of greater than 60 minutes ensure surface functionalization and proper chamber construction prevents the passage of bubbles that damage functionalized surface. This procedure is applicable for quantitative analysis of molecular force involved in rolling adhesion and allows researchers to understand the rolling behavior of the different cell types.This technique allows researchers to explore new questions regarding fast adhesion events leading to further advancement of single molecule and mechanobiology research.

Research

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