Name: measurement of protein import capacity of skeletal muscle mitochondria
Uploaded: 2022-01-07T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Dr. G.C. Shore of McGill University, Dr. A. Strauss of the Washington School of Medicine, and Dr. M.T. Ryan of La Trobe University for the original donations of expression plasmids that were used for this research. This work was supported by funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to D. A. Hood. D. A. Hood is also the holder of a Canada Research Chair in Cell Physiology.

All animals used in these experiments are maintained in the animal care facility at York University. The experiments are conducted in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines with approval from the York University Animal Care Committee (Permit: 2017-08).
1. Functional isolation of subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria from skeletal muscle
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	<li>Reagent preparation:
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		<li>Prepare all the buffers and media as mentioned in Table 1.</l...

<ol>
	<li>Kirkwood, S. P., Munn, E. A., Brooks, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+reticulum+in+limb+skeletal+muscle.">Mitochondrial reticulum in limb skeletal muscle.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 251 (3), 395-402 (1986).</li><li>Glancy, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power+grid+protection+of+the+muscle+mitochondrial+reticulum.">Power grid protection of the muscle mitochondrial reticulum.</a> Cell Reports. 19 (3), 487-496 (2017).</li><li>Vincent, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+3D+mapping+of+the+human+skeletal+muscle+mitochondrial+network.">Quantitative 3D mapping of the human skeletal muscle mitochondrial network.</a> Cell Reports. 26 (4), 996-1009 (2019).</li><li>Ogata, T., Yamasaki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high-resolution+scanning+electron+microscopy+of+mitochondria+and+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+arrangement+in+human+red,+white,+and+intermediate+muscle+fibers.">Ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum arrangement in human red, white, and intermediate muscle fibers.</a> Anatomical Record. 248 (2), 214-223 (1997).</li><li>Hood, D. A., Tryon, L. D., Carter, H. N., Kim, Y., Chen, C. C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unravelling+the+mechanisms+regulating+muscle+mitochondrial+biogenesis.">Unravelling the mechanisms regulating muscle mitochondrial biogenesis.</a> Biochemical Journal. 473, 2295-2314 (2016).</li><li>Perry, C. G. R., Kane, D. A., Lanza, I. R., Neufer, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+assessing+mitochondrial+function+in+diabetes.">Methods for assessing mitochondrial function in diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 62, 1032-1036 (2013).</li><li>Holloszy, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+adaptations+in+muscle.">Biochemical adaptations in muscle.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 242 (9), 2278-2282 (1967).</li><li>Cogswell, A. M., Stevens, R. J., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria+from+subsarcolemmal+and+intermyofibrillar+isolated+regions.">Properties of skeletal muscle mitochondria from subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar isolated regions.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 264, 383-389 (1993).</li><li>Koves, T. R., Noland, R. C., Bates, A. L., Henes, S. T., Muoio, D. M., Cortright, R. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+translocation+into+the+intermembrane+space+and+matrix+of+mitochondria:+mechanisms+and+driving+forces.">Protein translocation into the intermembrane space and matrix of mitochondria: mechanisms and driving forces.</a> Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 4, 83 (2017).</li><li>Harbauer, A. B., Zahedi, R. P., Sickmann, A., Pfanner, N., Meisinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+protein+import+machinery+of+mitochondria+-+A+regulatory+hub+in+metabolism,+stress,+and+disease.">The protein import machinery of mitochondria - A regulatory hub in metabolism, stress, and disease.</a> Cell Metabolism. 19 (3), 357-372 (2014).</li><li>Jin, S. M., Lazarou, M., Wang, C., Kane, L. A., Narendra, D. P., Youle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+membrane+potential+regulates+PINK1+import+and+proteolytic+destabilization+by+PARL.">Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 191 (5), 933-942 (2010).</li><li>Matsuda, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PINK1+stabilized+by+mitochondrial+depolarization+recruits+Parkin+to+damaged+mitochondria+and+activates+latent+Parkin+for+mitophagy.">PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 189 (2), 211-221 (2010).</li><li>Fiorese, C. J., Schulz, A. M., Lin, Y. -. F., Rosin, N., Pellegrino, M. W., Haynes, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factor+ATF5+mediates+a+mammalian+mitochondrial+UPR.">The transcription factor ATF5 mediates a mammalian mitochondrial UPR.</a> Current biology. 26 (15), 2037-2043 (2016).</li><li>Quiros, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-omics+analysis+identifies+ATF4+as+a+key+regulator+of+the+mitochondrial+stress+response+in+mammals.">Multi-omics analysis identifies ATF4 as a key regulator of the mitochondrial stress response in mammals.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 216 (7), 2027-2045 (2017).</li><li>Takahashi, M., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+import+into+subsarcolemmal+and+intermyofibrillar+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria.+Differential+import+regulation+in+distinct+subcellular+regions.">Protein import into subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar skeletal muscle mitochondria. Differential import regulation in distinct subcellular regions.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (44), 27285-27291 (1996).</li><li>Hood, D. A., Memme, J. M., Oliveira, A. N., Triolo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria+in+health,+exercise,+and+aging.">Maintenance of skeletal muscle mitochondria in health, exercise, and aging.</a> Annual Review of Physiology. 81, (2019).</li><li>Joseph, A., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrion+plasticity+of+TOM+complex+assembly+in+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria+in+response+to+chronic+contractile+activity.">Mitochondrion plasticity of TOM complex assembly in skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to chronic contractile activity.</a> Mitochondrion. 12 (2), 305-312 (2012).</li><li>Singh, K., Hood, D. 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Cell Physiology. 305 (5), 502-511 (2013).</li><li>Lai, N., Kummitha, C., Rosca, M., Fujioka, H., Tandler, B., Hoppel, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mitochondrial+subpopulations+from+skeletal+muscle:+optimizing+recovery+and+preserving+integrity.">Isolation of mitochondrial subpopulations from skeletal muscle: optimizing recovery and preserving integrity.</a> Acta Physiologica. 25 (2), 13182 (2019).</li><li>Nargund, A. M., Pellegrino, M. W., Fiorese, C. J., Baker, B. M., Haynes, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+import+efficiency+of+ATFS-1+regulates+mitochondrial+UPR+activation.">Mitochondrial import efficiency of ATFS-1 regulates mitochondrial UPR activation.</a> Science. 337 (6094), 587-590 (2012).</li><li>Picard, M., Taivassalo, T., Gouspillou, G., Hepple, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria:+Isolation,+structure+and+function.">Mitochondria: Isolation, structure and function.</a> Journal of Physiology. 589 (18), 4413-4421 (2011).</li><li>Kras, K. A., Willis, W. T., Barker, N., Czyzyk, T., Langlais, P. R., Katsanos, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subsarcolemmal+mitochondria+isolated+with+the+proteolytic+enzyme+nagarse+exhibit+greater+protein+specific+activities+and+functional+coupling.">Subsarcolemmal mitochondria isolated with the proteolytic enzyme nagarse exhibit greater protein specific activities and functional coupling.</a> Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 6, 101-107 (2016).</li><li>S&#225;nchez-Duarte, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nicorandil+affects+mitochondrial+respiratory+chain+function+by+increasing+complex+III+activity+and+ROS+production+in+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria.">Nicorandil affects mitochondrial respiratory chain function by increasing complex III activity and ROS production in skeletal muscle mitochondria.</a> Journal of Membrane Biology. 253 (4), 309-318 (2020).</li><li>I&#241;igo, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+receptor-&#945;+in+female+skeletal+muscle+is+not+required+for+regulation+of+muscle+insulin+sensitivity+and+mitochondrial+regulation.">Estrogen receptor-&#945; in female skeletal muscle is not required for regulation of muscle insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial regulation.</a> Molecular Metabolism. 34 (2020), 1-15 (2020).</li><li>Newsom, S. A., Stierwalt, H. D., Ehrlicher, S. E., Robinson, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substrate-specific+respiration+of+isolated+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria+after+1+h+of+moderate+cycling+in+sedentary+adults.">Substrate-specific respiration of isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria after 1 h of moderate cycling in sedentary adults.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 53 (7), 1375-1384 (2021).</li><li>Takahashi, M., Chesley, A., Freyssenet, D., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractile+activity-induced+adaptations+in+the+mitochondrial+protein+import+system.">Contractile activity-induced adaptations in the mitochondrial protein import system.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 274 (5), 1380-1387 (1998).</li><li>Kravic, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+mammalian+skeletal+muscle,+phosphorylation+of+TOMM22+by+protein+kinase+CSNK2/CK2+controls+mitophagy.">In mammalian skeletal muscle, phosphorylation of TOMM22 by protein kinase CSNK2/CK2 controls mitophagy.</a> Autophagy. 8627, 01-65 (2017).</li><li>Opali&#324;ska, M., Meisinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+control+via+the+mitochondrial+protein+import+machinery.">Metabolic control via the mitochondrial protein import machinery.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 33, 42-48 (2015).</li><li>Gerbeth, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose-induced+regulation+of+protein+import+receptor+tom22+by+cytosolic+and+mitochondria-bound+kinases.">Glucose-induced regulation of protein import receptor tom22 by cytosolic and mitochondria-bound kinases.</a> Cell Metabolism. 18 (4), 578-587 (2013).</li></ol>

Mitochondria are uniquely dependent on the expression and coordination of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes for their synthesis and expansion within cells. However, the nuclear genome encodes the vast majority (99%) of the mitochondrial proteome, and this underscores the importance of the protein import machinery in supporting mitochondrial biogenesis. Import also serves as an important signaling event, as failure to import can promote the initiation of the unfolded protein response and/or mitophagy<sup class="x...

Mitochondria are organelles that exist in complex morphologies in different cell types and are recognized to possess an increasing array of functions that are critical for cellular health. As such, they can no longer be whittled down merely to energy-producing organelles. Mitochondria are key metabolic regulators, determinants of cell fate, and signaling hubs, the functions of which can serve as useful indicators of overall cellular health. In skeletal muscle cells, electron microscopy studies reveal the presence of geographically distinct subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria, which exhibit a degree of connectivity1,2,3,4 that is now recognized to be highly dynamic and adaptable to changes in skeletal muscle activity levels, as well as with age and disease. Mitochondrial content and function in muscle can be assessed in numerous ways5,6, and traditional methods of organelle isolation have been applied to better understand the respiratory and enzymatic capacities (Vmax) of mitochondria distinct from the influence of the cellular milieu7,8. In particular, these traditional methods have revealed subtle biochemical distinctions between mitochondria isolated from subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar regions, belying possible functional implications for metabolism in these subcellular regions8,9,10,11.
The biogenesis of mitochondria is unique in requiring the contribution of gene products from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. However, the vast majority of these are derived from the nucleus since mtDNA transcription only leads to the synthesis of 13 proteins. Since mitochondria normally comprise &#62;1000 proteins involved in diverse metabolic pathways, biogenesis of the organelle requires a tightly regulated means of import and assembly of precursor proteins from the cytosol into the various mitochondrial sub-compartments to maintain proper stoichiometry and function12,13. Nuclear-encoded proteins destined for mitochondria normally carry a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) that targets them to the organelle and facilitates their sub-compartmental localization. Most matrix-bound proteins contain a cleavable N-terminal MTS, while those destined for the outer or inner mitochondrial membrane usually have internal targeting domains14. The import process is carried out by a set of diverse channels that provide multiple avenues for entry into the organelle13. The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex shuttles precursors from the cytosol into the intermembrane space, where they are recognized by the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) complex. This complex is responsible for importing nuclear-encoded precursors into the matrix, where proteases cleave the N-terminal targeting presequence. Proteins destined for the outer membrane can be directly inserted into this membrane through the TOM complex, while those destined for the inner membrane are inserted by a TIM protein, specifically TIM22. Following their import, proteins are further processed by resident proteases and chaperones and often combine to form larger complexes, such as those found in the electron transport chain.
Mitochondrial protein import itself also serves as a measurement of mitochondrial health, as this process relies on the presence of membrane potential and a source of energy in the form of ATP15. For example, when the membrane potential is dissipated, protein kinase PINK1 cannot be taken up by the organelle, and this leads to phosphorylation signals that trigger the onset of the degradation of the organelle through a pathway called mitophagy16,17. Under similar circumstances, when the import is impeded, the protein ATF5 cannot enter the organelle, and it subsequently translocates to the nucleus, where it serves as a transcription factor for the up-regulation of UPR gene expression18,19. Thus, measuring protein import efficiency can provide comprehensive insight into the health of the organelle, while the gene expression response can be used to indicate the degree of retrograde signaling to the nucleus.
Despite its obvious importance for the biogenesis of mitochondria and for cellular health in general, the import pathway in mammalian mitochondria is remarkably understudied. In this report, we describe the specific steps involved in measuring the import of precursor proteins into skeletal muscle mitochondria and provide data to illustrate the adaptive response of the import system to changes in muscle and disuse, illustrating the contribution of the protein import to the adaptive plasticity of skeletal muscle.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35S-methionine</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEG709A500UC</td>
			<td>Purchase requires a valid radioisotope permit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting paper; Whatman 3MM CHR Paper</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>05-714-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cassette for film</td>
			<td>Kodak</td>
			<td>Kodak Xomatic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugation Tube</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>3138-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>C298-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9779-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>EDT002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Dryer</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>Model 583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Drying Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma or BioRad</td>
			<td>Z377570-1PAK or OW-GDF-10</td>
			<td>Various options are commercially available through many companies, these are just as few examples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Caledon Laboratory Chemicals</td>
			<td>5350-1-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Avanti J-25 Centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>T25 Digital Ultra Turrex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoamylalcohol, or 3-methylbutanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I9392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAc</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>POA301.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M7G</td>
			<td>New England Biolab</td>
			<td>S1404S</td>
			<td>Dilute with 1000ul 20mM HEPES to make 1mM stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>MAG510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>MOP001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>SOD001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NTP</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R0191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Plasmid</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Donated from Dr. G. C. Shore, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; alternative available through Addgene, plasmid #71877</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGEM4Z/hTom40 Plasmid</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Donated from Dr. M. T. Ryan, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGMDH Plasmid</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Donated from Dr. A. Strauss, Washington University School of Medicine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyalcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td>Can also be made with the ratio provided</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphorus Film</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td>BAS-IP MS 2025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit reticulocyte lysate</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>L4960</td>
			<td>Avoid freeze-thaw; aliquot lysate upon arrival; amino acids are provided in the kit as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAsin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor for High Speed Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>JA-25.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>SDS001.500</td>
			<td>Caution: harmful if ingested or inhaled, wear a mask.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SAA 304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Carbonate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium salicylate</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>106601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorbitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP6 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>P1085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spermidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S-2626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>SUC507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T7 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>P2075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabletop Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AccuSpin Micro 17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A322-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>TRS001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6250-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of protein import capacity of skeletal muscle mitochondria

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria exist in a series of complex morphologies, ranging from small oval organelles to a broad, reticulum-like network. Understanding how the mitochondrial reticulum expands and develops in response to diverse stimuli such as alterations in energy demand has long been a topic of research. A key aspect of this growth, or biogenesis, is the import of precursor proteins, originally encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytosol, and translocated into various mitochondrial sub-compartments. Mitochondria have developed a sophisticated mechanism for this import process, involving many selective inner and outer membrane channels, known as the protein import machinery (PIM). Import into the mitochondrion is dependent on viable membrane potential and the availability of organelle-derived ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore its measurement can serve as a measure of organelle health. The PIM also exhibits a high level of adaptive plasticity in skeletal muscle that is tightly coupled to the energy status of the cell. For example, exercise training has been shown to increase import capacity, while muscle disuse reduces it, coincident with changes in markers of mitochondrial content. Although protein import is a critical step in the biogenesis and expansion of mitochondria, the process is not widely studied in skeletal muscle. Thus, this paper outlines how to use isolated and fully functional mitochondria from skeletal muscle to measure protein import capacity in order to promote a greater understanding of the methods involved and an appreciation of the importance of the pathway for organelle turnover in exercise, health, and disease.

We have extensively illustrated that this protocol is a valid assay for determining the rate of import into functional and intact isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. In comparison to untreated conditions, the import of typical precursor proteins such as malate dehydrogenase (MDH) into the matrix is sensitive to membrane potential because it can be inhibited by valinomycin, a respiratory chain uncoupler (Figure 2A). Import is also impeded when mitochondrial inner and outer...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria at JoVE.com

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Mitochondria are key metabolic organelles that exhibit a high level of phenotypic plasticity in skeletal muscle. The import of proteins from the cytosol is a critical pathway for organelle biogenesis, essential for the expansion of the reticulum and the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore, protein import serves as a barometer of cellular health.

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, ...

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Unit 1

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

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A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a ...

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in numerous metabolic pathways in plants, most notably the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ...

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Ca2+ handling by mitochondria is a critical function regulating both physiological and pathophysiological processes in a broad spectrum of cells. The ...

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

The chloroplast is an essential organelle that is responsible for various cellular processes in plants, such as photosynthesis and the production of many ...

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Accurate quantification of transcription factor (TF)-DNA interactions is essential for understanding the regulation of gene expression. Since existing ...

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Radioactive pulse-chase labeling is a powerful tool for studying the conformational maturation, the transport to their functional cellular location, and ...

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

A growing body of evidence indicates that membrane permeabilization, including internal membranes such as mitochondria, is a common feature and primary ...

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Protein dimerization events that occur only in the presence of a small-molecule ligand enable the development of small-molecule biosensors for the ...

Quantification of Subcellular Glycogen Distribution in Skeletal Muscle Fibers using Transmission Electron Microscopy

With the use of transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution images of fixed samples containing individual muscle fibers can be obtained. This ...